Antibody Titer Kinetics and SARS-CoV-2 Infections Six Months after Administration with the BNT162b2 Vaccine

Background: Studies reporting the long-term humoral response after receiving the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine are important to drive future vaccination strategies. Yet, available literature is scarce. Covidiagnostix is a multicenter study designed to assess the antibody response in >1000 healthcare professionals (HCPs) who received the BNT162b2 vaccine. Methods: Serum was tested at time-0 (T0), before the first dose, T1, T2, and T3, respectively, 21, 42, and 180 days after T0. Antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid-protein were measured to assess SARS-CoV-2 infections, whereas antibodies against the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein were measured to assess the vaccine response. Neutralization activity against the D614G, B.1.1.7, and B.1.351 variants were also analyzed. Results: Six months post-vaccination HCPs showed an antibody titer decrease of approximately 70%, yet, the titer was still one order of magnitude higher than that of seropositive individuals before vaccination. We identified 12 post-vaccination infected HCPs. None showed severe symptoms. Interestingly, most of them showed titers at T2 above the neutralization thresholds obtained from the neutralization activity experiments. Conclusion: Vaccination induces a humoral response which is well detectable even six months post-vaccination. Vaccination prevents severe COVID-19 cases, yet post-vaccination infection is possible even in the presence of a high anti-S serum antibody titer.

Astragalus Polysaccharides Enhance the Immune Response to Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccination in Chickens

This study was conducted to evaluated the effects of Astragalus polysaccharide on immune responses of chickens immunized with NDV Lasota vaccine. One hundred chickens at one-day-old( Ross breed) were brought , on five day of age, the average maternal serum Abs was measured by hemaglutination inhibition (HI) test and the titer was 3.43 log, and then divided into five equal groups in each group twenty chicks and on day 10 of age the Astragalus polysaccharide high concentration (APSH) group were given 0.5 ml at 400mg /100ml , the Astragalus polysaccharide medium concentration (APSM )group were given 0.5 ml at 200mg /100ml, the Astragalus polysaccharide low concentration (APSL) group were given 0.5 ml at 100mg /100ml , Vaccine control (VC) group were given 0.5 ml normal saline only, Negative control (NC ) group were given normal saline only , all groups orally administrated for four days. At 14 day of age, all chickens with the exception of NC group , were vaccinated with ND Lasota by Intraocular and Intranasal methods. Four blood sample from all groups were aspirated from jugular vein at 0h (before vaccination),6h,12h and 24h(after vaccination ) for determine of Chicken IL-6(Interleukin 6) by RT-PCR. On day 20and 30 of age after vaccination , three chicken were sampled randomly from each group to detect specific serum Antibody titer of NDV by HI test. On days 1,7,14,21after vaccination, four serum Samples from the same of chicken to determines IgA level by sandwich ELISA test. The cellular and humeral response including the production of cytokine IL-6 ( by RT-PCR test) were measured on 0h(before vaccination),6h,12h and 24h( after vaccination )and IgA antibody ( by ELISA test ) were measured on 1d,7d,14d,and 21days after vaccination and serum antibody titer Specific to NDV( by HI test ) were measured at age 20, and 30 days after vaccination evaluated by series of experiments. Results revealed that all the polysaccharide groups were numerically increased in antibody levels, the expression of IL-6and IgA level ,but three parameter were significant (𝑃 < 0.05) in the APSH group compared to corresponding (VC) vaccinated group and( NC) non –vaccinated group. These results suggest that orally administered APS could significantly enhance the efficacy of NDV vaccination and has important implications for the further use of APS as a novel adjuvant.

Astragalus Polysaccharides Enhance the Immune Response to Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccination in Chickens

This study was conducted to evaluated the effects of Astragalus polysaccharide on immune responses of chickens immunized with NDV Lasota vaccine. One hundred chickens at one-day-old( Ross breed) were brought , on five day of age, the average maternal serum Abs was measured by hemaglutination inhibition (HI) test and the titer was 3.43 log, and then divided into five equal groups in each group twenty chicks and on day 10 of age the Astragalus polysaccharide high concentration (APSH) group were given 0.5 ml at 400mg /100ml , the Astragalus polysaccharide medium concentration (APSM )group were given 0.5 ml at 200mg /100ml, the Astragalus polysaccharide low concentration (APSL) group were given 0.5 ml at 100mg /100ml , Vaccine control (VC) group were given 0.5 ml normal saline only, Negative control (NC ) group were given normal saline only , all groups orally administrated for four days. At 14 day of age, all chickens with the exception of NC group , were vaccinated with ND Lasota by Intraocular and Intranasal methods. Four blood sample from all groups were aspirated from jugular vein at 0h (before vaccination),6h,12h and 24h(after vaccination ) for determine of Chicken IL-6(Interleukin 6) by RT-PCR. On day 20and 30 of age after vaccination , three chicken were sampled randomly from each group to detect specific serum Antibody titer of NDV by HI test. On days 1,7,14,21after vaccination, four serum Samples from the same of chicken to determines IgA level by sandwich ELISA test. The cellular and humeral response including the production of cytokine IL-6 ( by RT-PCR test) were measured on 0h(before vaccination),6h,12h and 24h( after vaccination )and IgA antibody ( by ELISA test ) were measured on 1d,7d,14d,and 21days after vaccination and serum antibody titer Specific to NDV( by HI test ) were measured at age 20, and 30 days after vaccination evaluated by series of experiments. Results revealed that all the polysaccharide groups were numerically increased in antibody levels, the expression of IL-6and IgA level ,but three parameter were significant (𝑃 < 0.05) in the APSH group compared to corresponding (VC) vaccinated group and( NC) non –vaccinated group. These results suggest that orally administered APS could significantly enhance the efficacy of NDV vaccination and has important implications for the further use of APS as a novel adjuvant.

XÁC LẬP THÔNG SỐ CHỈ BÁO MỨC BẢO HỘ MIỄN DỊCH CỦA KHÁNG THỂ CHỐNG BỆNH DO PARVOVIRUS (CPV) TRONG HUYẾT THANH CHÓ

Được coi là “tiêu chuẩn vàng” trong đánh giá miễn dịch đặc hiệu nhưng phản ứng ngăn trở ngưng kết hồng cầu (HI) chưa được vận dụng trong thực tế để kiểm soát chất lượng vaccine phòng bệnh CPV ở chó. Hơn nữa, hiệu giá kháng thể huyết thanh trong các xét nghiệm HI thường nhật của chúng tôi thường thấp hơn mức một số nhóm trước đây sử dụng làm ngưỡng bảo hộ miễn dịch đã đòi hỏi thiết lập lại quy trình. Trong nghiên cứu này, phản ứng ngưng kết hồng cầu (HA) và HI được thực hiện với thể tích 25 μL các thành phần gồm dung dịch NaCl 0,9%, dịch hồng cầu gà 1%, dịch virus vaccine CPV hiệu giá 04 HAU và huyết thanh nguyên dạng của chó tiêu chảy xuất huyết. Đối chiếu các kết quả HI huyết thanh với kết quả phát hiện kháng nguyên CPV trong phân theo từng cá thể đã xác minh mức kháng thể HI 4 log2 trở lên theo quy trình này là một chỉ báo trạng thái bảo hộ miễn dịch chống CPV ở chó. Nghiên cứu cũng cho thấy vaccine CPV sử dụng tại khu vực thành phố Huế có hiệu lực, như cường độ miễn dịch ở nhóm chó đã từng được tiêm vaccine (60,59 HIU) cao hơn (P < 0,001) so với nhóm chưa tiêm (6,73 HIU). Tương tự, tỷ lệ chó mắc bệnh CPV (có virus này trong phân) ở nhóm đã từng được tiêm vaccine (2,63%) thấp hơn (P < 0,001) so với nhóm chưa tiêm (59,38%). ABSTRACT Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) is considered as “a gold ” for evaluation of specific immunity, its reaction has not been applied yet in practice for controlling the quality of CPV vaccination in dogs. Moreover, that serum antibody titers in our routine HI tests are often much lower than the level previous authors applied as the threshold of immune protection requested re-establishing the procedures. In this research, the techniques of haemagglutination (HA) and HI reactions were performed with the same pipette volumes of 25 μL of 0.9% saline solution, chicken red blood cell 1% suspension, CPV vaccine virus of 4 HAU titre and untreated sera of haemorrhagic diarrhea-suffered dogs. Individually matching the serum antibodies and faecal CPV antigens , according to this protocol, the level of 4 log2 HI of serum antibody titer be an indicator of protective immune status of dogs against CPV. The study also showed that the CPV vaccines used in the studied region were effective as the immune intensity in vaccinated dogs was much higher (60.59 HIU) than (P < 0.001) in unvaccinated dogs (6.73 HIU). In addition, the rate (2.63%) of dogs contracted with CPV (having the virus in their faeces) amongst the vaccinated dogs was much (P < 0.001) lower than that (59.38%) of the unvaccinated ones.

Serum Anti-HPV Antibody Titer as a Marker of Vaccine Effectiveness in Males with Genital Infection

Introduction: Persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) semen infection is increasingly associated with male infertility. Adjuvant HPV vaccination is suggested to reduce the time to clearance and the disease relapse in males with persistent HPV semen infection. However, only a sub-population of patients show a clinical benefit from adjuvant vaccination. Here, we aimed to address the effectiveness rate of HPV adjuvant vaccination in males with genital tract infection and the possible prognostic markers of healing. Methods: Clinical records from 379 patients with persistent seminal HPV detection, all receiving HPV adjuvant vaccination, were considered. Clinical data, including genital HPV-DNA assessment by INNO-LiPA genotyping, semen HPV-DNA analysis by FISH analysis and serum antibody titer, were collected at basal (T0) and after 6 months (T1) since the vaccination cycle ended. Results: Clearance of genital HPV-DNA was recorded in 326 (86%) patients. Serum HPV-antibody titer at T1 was the most important prognostic factor associated with HPV-DNA clearance. A serum antibody titer equal to or greater than the threshold value 1:125, obtained by ROC curve analysis, was prognostic of healing. Conclusions: Anti-HPV antibody represents a suitable marker of adequate immune response to HPV vaccination in patients with genital infection.

The enhanced immunological activity of Paulownia tomentosa flower polysaccharide on Newcastle disease vaccine in chicken

The extracts of Paulownia tomentosa (P. tomentosa) exhibit multiple pharmacological activities. In the present study, P. tomentosa flower polysaccharides (PTFP) were extracted by water decoction and ethanol precipitation, and the immunologic modulations of PTFP against Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine was investigated in chickens. The results showed that in a certain range of concentrations, PTFP treatment can dose-dependently enhance lymphocyte proliferation. Then, 280 14-days-old chickens were randomly divided into seven groups, and vaccinated with ND vaccine except blank control (BC) group. At the first vaccination, chickens were orally administrated with PTFP at concentration ranging from 0 to 50 mg/kg once a day for 3 successive days, and the BC group was treated with physiological saline. The lymphocyte proliferation rate, serum antibody titer, and levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were respectively measured on 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after the first vaccination. The results showed that PTFP at the suitable doses could significantly promote lymphocyte proliferation, enhance serum antibody titer, and improve serum IFN-γ concentrations. Taken together, these data indicated that PTFP could improve the immune efficacy against ND vaccine in chickens, and could be as the candidate of a new-type immune adjuvant.

Effects of In Ovo Injection of Coenzyme Q10 on Hatchability, Subsequent Performance, and Immunity of Broiler Chickens

Effects of in ovo injection of Q10 on hatchability, performance (feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), feed/gain ratio (F/G)) traits, and immune status of Ross × Ross 308 broiler chicks, hatched from eggs laid by a 38-week-old breeder flock, were determined through 42 days after hatch. Eggs containing live embryos were injected in the amnion with 0.1 and 0.2 mL Q10 solution on day 18 of incubation. Two controls groups were included as sham and/or as an uninjected group. At 28 and 42 days of age, performance traits, serum enzyme activity, weights of immune organs, and serum antibody titer of viral diseases were determined. Results were shown that hatchability % increased by Q10 on average of 6.54% (P≤0.025) and body weight/egg weight after hatching increased up to 4.74% (P≤0.002), compared with uninjected and sham controls. Injection of Q10 at different levels led to significant increases (P≤0.001) in performance traits all over the rearing period (P<0.05). Weight of immune organs significantly improved compared to uninjected and sham controls (P<0.05). In addition, serum antibody titers of viral diseases as well as serum enzyme activity of AST, ALT, CAT, and SOD were significantly changed by Q10 treated groups than controls (P≤0.01). In conclusion, in ovo injection of Q10 at levels of 0.1 and 0.2 mL led to significant increases in hatchability%, internal egg characteristics, and performance parameters as well as serum enzyme activity, weight of immune organs, and serum antibody titer of ND, AI, and IBD diseases.

EVALUATION OF IN VIVO IMMUNOMODULATORY ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS AND ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF EULOPHIA NUDA L.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo immunomodulatory activity of an aqueous and ethanolic extract of dried tubers of Eulophia nuda (ENA and ENE).Methods: Effect of both the extracts was evaluated on delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, serum antibody response, and cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression in Swiss albino mice.Results: The extracts showed stimulation of DTH reaction in mice in response to T-cell dependent antigen by both ENE () and ENA (); significant increase in serum antibody titer at of ENA (768.01) and ENE (768.33) extract at 200 mg/kg, compared to control group (213.33); Combined treatment of ENA+Cytochromes P450 [CYP]-25 mg/kg and ENE+CYP-25mg/kg (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) doses of ENA and ENE each with 25 mg/kg resulted in restoration of bone marrow activity as compared with CYP treatment alone.Conclusion: Both specific and non-specific immunostimulating properties of the ENE and ENA tubers in in vivo experimental methods suggest its therapeutic usefulness in immunocompromised conditions.

Evaluation of Sensitivity and Specificity of ELISA and PBA for IgM Detection to LPS Antigen of Salmonella Typhi

The high prevalence of typhoid fever in developing countries, includingIndonesia has prompted the exploration of various serologic tests and antigen detectionmethod to obtain an early and accurate diagnosis of patients with typhoid fever.Although typhoid fever is confirmed by culture of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi,there is still an urgent need for the rapid, simple serological tests and evaluation ofeffective and appropriate diagnostics for typhoid fever. In this study, we evaluated and compared the sensitivity and specifity of ELISA and Passive Bacterial Agglutination(PBA) as an agglutination-based serological test to LPS antigen of Salmonella Typhiand the effectiveness of local antigen in detecting the production of specific antibody(IgM) to patient with typhoid fever. We collected serum sample of 50 suspected typhoidfever from DR. Wahidin Sudirohusodo General Hospital, Daya General Hospital, GowaGeneral Hospital and Kassi-Kassi Public Health Center in Makassar, South of Sulawesi.They were grouped based on sex, duration of fever, and age. Serum antibody titer weremeasured by ELISA and PBA. Data were analiyzed satistically by using cross tabulationand chi-square (CI = 95%). The Result of this study showed that PBA technique has thelevel of sensitivity and specifity respectively 100% and 92 %, while ELISA was 84% and28%. It suggested that PBA has a greater level of sensitivity and specifity than ELISA.We also showed that LPS antigen that we obtained from local isolate of SalmonellaTyphi, can be used as a standard antigen in diagnosing typhoid fever.