Anaerobic Biodegradation of Wheat Straw Lignin: The Influence of Wet Explosion Pretreatment

Large amounts of lignin residue is expected in the future when biorefineries for producing biofuels and bio-products will increase in numbers. It is, therefore, valuable to find solutions for using this resource for the sustained production of useful bioenergy or bio-products. Anaerobic digestion could potentially be an option for converting the biorefinery lignin into a valuable energy product. However, lignin is recalcitrant to biodegradation under anaerobic conditions unless the structure is modified. Wet oxidation followed by steam explosion (wet explosion) was previously found to make significant changes to the lignin structure allowing for biodegradation under anaerobic conditions. In this study, we examine the effect of wet explosion pretreatment for anaerobic digestion of wheat straw lignin under mesophilic (37 o C) conditions. Besides the biorefinery lignin produced from wheat straw, untreated lignin was further tested as feed material for anaerobic digestion. Our results showed that wet exploded lignin pretreated with 2% NaOH showed the highest lignin degradation (41.8%) as well as the highest methane potential of 157.3±9.9 ml/g VS. The untreated lignin with no pretreatment showed the lowest methane yield of 65.8±4.8 and only 3.5% of the lignin was degraded. Overall, increased severity of the pretreatment was found to enhance anaerobic degradation of lignin.

Sugar Production from Hybrid Poplar Sawdust: Optimization of Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Wet Explosion Pretreatment

Wet explosion pretreatment of hybrid poplar sawdust (PSD) for the production of fermentable sugar was carried out in the pilot-scale. The effects of pretreatment conditions, such as temperature (170–190 °C), oxygen dosage (0.5–7.5% of dry matter (DM), w/w), residence time (10–30 min), on cellulose and hemicellulose digestibility after enzymatic hydrolysis were ascertained with a central composite design of the experiment. Further, enzymatic hydrolysis was optimized in terms of temperature, pH, and a mixture of CTec2 and HTec2 enzymes (Novozymes). Predictive modeling showed that cellulose and hemicellulose digestibility of 75.1% and 83.1%, respectively, could be achieved with a pretreatment at 177 °C with 7.5% O2 and a retention time of 30 min. An increased cellulose digestibility of 87.1% ± 0.1 could be achieved by pretreating at 190 °C; however, the hemicellulose yield would be significantly reduced. It was evident that more severe conditions were required for maximal cellulose digestibility than that of hemicellulose digestibility and that an optimal sugar yield demanded a set of conditions, which overall resulted in the maximum sugar yield.

SYNTHESIS OF Ni–Bi–P HOLLOW MICROSPHERES WITH OUTSTANDINGLY HIGH ACTIVITY TOWARD THE CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF p-NITROPHENOL

A simple wet-explosion method was employed to synthesize the Ni–Bi–P composite microspheres. The hollow structure was obtained possibly due to the violent evolution of gas bubbles when the reaction reagents were mixed. The hollow microspheres of Ni–Bi–P exhibited outstanding high catalytic activity for the reduction of [Formula: see text]-nitrophenol ([Formula: see text]-NP) to form [Formula: see text]-aminophenol in the presence of NaBH4 within only 1[Formula: see text]s. Due to the space limitation, the hollow structure of Ni–Bi–P microspheres helps to accommodate and confine the molecules of NaBH4 and [Formula: see text]-NP within the small space where NaBH4 and [Formula: see text]-NP contact closely at Ni–Bi–P catalysts. The synergetic action of Ni, Bi and P elements also contributes the enhanced catalytic activity.