Identification of natural products and their derivatives as promising inhibitors of protein glycation with non-toxic nature against mouse fibroblast 3T3 cells

<p>This study was performed to identify new inhibitors of protein glycation <em>in vitro</em>. Protein glycation is one of the major causes of late diabetic complications. In this study, terpenoids and alkaloids, isolated from different medicinal plants, along with their derivatives, were evaluated for their antiglycation activity <em>in vitro,</em> while MTT assay on mouse fibroblast 3T3 cells was used to assess their potential cytotoxicity. Among the tested compounds, gossypol (2,2′-<em>bis</em>-(formyl-1,6,7-trihydroxy-5-isopropyl-3-methylnaphthalene) (<strong>1</strong>), isolated from<em> Gossypium herbaceum, </em>and its derivatives,<em> </em>gossypol acetic acid (<strong>2</strong>), gossypolidene- 4-aminoantipyrine (<strong>4</strong>), and gazolidone (<strong>6</strong>), showed a potent antiglycation activity (IC₅₀ &lt; 16 <em>µ</em>M), while gossypolidene-4-aminoantipyrine (<strong>5</strong>) showed a significant antiglycation activity with IC₅₀value 82.934±2.924<em> µ</em>M, in BSA-fluorescence assay. Alkaloid, noscapine (3S)-6,7-Dimethoxy-3-[(5R)-4-methoxy-6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahy-dro-1,3-dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinolin-5-yl] isobenzofuran-1(3<em>H</em>)-one (<strong>7</strong>), isolated from <em>Papaver somniferum, N</em>-nitrosoaphyllinic acid (<strong>9</strong>), a derivative of alkaloid aphylline<em>, </em>and 2<em>H</em>-quinolizine, octahydro salt (<strong>11</strong>), a salt of alkaloid lupinine, exhibited significant inhibition activity with<em> </em>IC₅₀values 152.662±5.432, 393.758 ±4.001 µM and 110.203±4.816µM, respectively. Similarly, compounds<strong> </strong>gossypolidene thiocarbamide (<strong>3</strong>), deoxypeganine hydrochloride (<strong>8</strong>)<strong>, </strong>lupinine (<strong>10</strong>) and cytisine (<strong>12</strong>) showed moderate inhibition with IC₅₀ values of 401.865 ±18.450, 863.322 ±6.415, 712.176±7.745, and 728.462±2.331<em> </em>µM, respectively. The results were compared with the standard antiglycation agent, rutin (<strong>13</strong>) (IC₅₀=98.012±2.030 µM).</p>Cellular cytotoxicity assay showed only gossypol acetic acid (<strong>2</strong>) and gossypolidene thiocarbamide (<strong>3</strong>) as somewhat toxic to 3T3 (mouse fibroblast) cells with IC₅₀values<em> </em>2.07 ±0.61 and 5.00 ±1.89 µM, respectively. Cycloheximide was used as a standard in this assay with IC₅₀ value 0.3 ± 0.089 μM