Blend polyethersulfone/zirconium oxychloride octahydrate membranes crosslinked by polyvinyl alcohol layer for high saline water desalination

Mixed matrix membranes were prepared by blending polyethersulfone with zirconium oxychloride octahydrate (ZOH) solution, and coating by polyvinyl alcohol layer. Different analyses were applied in the prepared membranes. Membranes performances were examined using different salty solutions concentrations (5000, 10,000 and 20,000 mg/L) and a real sample from highly concentrated seawater (brine) of 1,30,900 mg/L. The results indicate that blending polyethersulfone with 1.5% ZOH and coating with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) cross-linking layer (M4) provides salt rejection of 99.9% with permeate flux of 32.4 L/m2.h for the salt solution of 5000 mg/L, while salt rejection was 92% with permeate flux of 11.1 L/m2.h for the salt solution of 1,30,900 mg/L. The results indicate enhancement in the hydrophilicity of the membranes especially after coating by the PVA layer and increasing the ZOH%, such as the high permeate flux and the lowest contact angle of prepared membrane M4 (1.5% ZOH) which was 39.7°. A long time experiment was applied on the prepared membrane (M4), where the results indicate that the permeate flux for a long time was approximately fixed for 120 h, which indicates that the membrane can be considered as a self-cleaning membrane.

Novel ZrOCl2·8H2O-Catalysed One-Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of 9,10-Dihydro-8H-benzo[a]xanthen-11(12H)-one Derivatives

A simple and efficient protocol for the synthesis of highly substituted xanthenes is developed through the condensation of β-naphthol, aldehydes, and cyclic 5,5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione with zirconium oxychloride octahydrate as a catalyst via multicomponent condensation strategy. The present method gives good to excellent yields of substituted 9,10-dihydro-8H-benzo[a]xanthen-11(12H)-one derivatives.

Effect of Precursor Concentration on the Ideal ZrO2 Sols and Thin Films

ZrO2 sols were prepared with hydrothermal synthesis method. The ZrO2films were characterized or examined by many kinds of instruments. With different content of zirconium oxychloride octahydrate, the particle sizes of ZrO2 sols are different from 3nm to 25nm. And 1-on-1 laser-induced damage threshold tests on ZrO2 films were carried out with a Q–switched Nd-YAG high power laser at 1064 nm. The experimental results showed that the ZrO2 sols is suitable for preparing ZrO2thin film and the refractive index and thickness of this thin films achieve our requirement.