Effect of varying levels of acorn flour on antioxidant, staling and sensory properties of Iranian toast

Due to the high level of antioxidant activity of acorn fruits, they can be used as an ingredient the production of functional foods. The goal of the this research was to partially substitute wheat flour with varying levels (10% - 50% w/w) of debittered acorn flour and to investigate its effects on the rheological characteristics of the dough, total phenolic content (TPC), staling, colour indices and sensory properties of toast bread. The farinograph degree of softening and water absorption of the dough decreased with increasing the acorn flour content, while the stability and time of development of the dough increased. Resistance and extensibility to deformation of the samples respectively increased and decreased compared to those of the control. Toast bread with 30% acorn flour replacement was observed to have lower staling than the control. The highest TPC (9.44 mg GAE/g) and the lowest peroxide value (0.36 m eq O2/kg) were obtained for the bread having 30% acorn flour substitution. Moreover, the breads showed darker crumbs with significantly lower specific loaf volumes. Overall, the bread with 30% of acorn flour substitution showed good rheological, staling properties and reasonable anti-oxidant content compared to the control bread as well as the highest sensorial acceptability.

OXIDIZED MAIZE STARCH: CHARACTERIZATION AND EFFECT OF IT ON THE BIODEGRADABLE FILMS.II. INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, SOLUBILITY OF OXIDIZED STARCH AND STARCH FILM SOLUBILITY

The effects of hypochlorite level, i.e. 0.5; 1 and 2 active chlorine g/100g starch, on the properties of oxidized maize starch were investigated by FT-IR and solubility of oxidized starch and starch film. The obtained results shown that there was no difference of IR spectroscopy graph between native starch and oxidized starch. Although the analytical results indicated that there were carbonyl and carboxyl production, characteristic vibrations of these groups exhibiting on IR spectra was not clear due to either not enough content of carbonyl and carboxyl groups or covering of strong other absorptions. Notwithstanding, IR spectra also shown the change of intensity of characteristic vibrations. Moreover, solubility of starch oxidized by the highest oxidant content level experienced highest degree while solubility of this starch shown the lowest level. It means that carboxyl in this molecule starch, to some extent, esterified with hydroxyl of either other starch molecules or glycerol to produce crosslink. The obtained results also illustrated that there was a little scission chain in oxidation process when modifying maize starch by sodium hypochlorite.

THE ANTI-OXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF MAHOGANY (Sweitenia mahagoni Jacq.) SEEDS IN THE LIVER TISSUES OF DIABETIC EXPERIMENTAL RATS

The aim of this research was to analyze the anti-oxidant activities of ethanol extract of mahogany seeds on the liver tissues of diabetic experimental rats to overcome oxidative stress condition. This study used male Rattus norvegicus strain Sprague Dawley which were divided into 5 groups: (i) negative control group (K-), (ii) positive control group/diabetes mellitus (DM) (K+), (iii) DM group treated with 500 mg/kg BW ethanol extract of mahogany seeds (EM), (iv) DM group treated with acarbose (KO), and (v) non-DM group treated with 500 mg/kg BW ethanol extract of mahogany seed (KE). Alloxan with dose of 110 mg/kg BW was used to induce diabetes in rats. The treatments were conducted for 28 days. At the end of treatment, the liver tissues were collected and analyzed for malondialdehyde (MDA) content using thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) method and anti-oxidant cooper zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD) content using immunohistochemical technique. The result showed that level of MDA were significantly different (P<0.05) in K-; K+; EM; KO; and KE with values were 0.81±0.17; 1.19±0.26; 1.10±0.04; 0.95±0.13; and 0.92±0.0 µmol/gram, respectively. The anti-oxidant content (Cu, Zn-SOD) of rat liver tissue in K+ lower than in K-, while anti-oxidant content in EM and KE were higher compared to K+. The study concluded that ethanol mahogany seeds extract decreased blood glucose levels and increased the anti-oxidant status in the liver tissues of diabetic rats.

Conductivity of PANI-PVA Composite Conductive Coatings with the Doping of Different Acid

The PANI-PVA composite conductive coatings adopt PVA as the base material together with the doping of hydrochloride (HCl), dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA), the aminosulfonic acid (NH2SO3H ) aqueous solution were prepared. The influences of PVA content, acid content, oxidant content, reaction time and drying temperature of film on the conductivity of coating film were studied. The result shows that the conductivity of HCl-PANI-PVA coating film is the highest among them in case the PVA content is 40% and the drying temperature of film is 80°C. The maximum conductivity of HCl-PANI-PVA coating film is 15.0S/cm in case the C(HC1)=0.5mol/L, the reaction time is 6 hours and the n(APS/An)=1.0; the maximum conductivity of DBSA-PANI-PVA coating film is 7.1S/cm in case the C(DBSA)=1.0mol/L, the reaction time is 8 hours and the n(APS/An)=2.0; the maximum conductivity of NH2SO3H-PANI-PVA coating film is 2.0 S/cm in case the C(NH2SO3H)=1.0mol/L, the reaction time is 6 hours and the n(APS/An)=2.0.