FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN THE LIBERATED TERRITORIES

The article will focus on the development and formation of small and medium enterprises in the liberated territories. Today, the people of Azerbaijan are living the most memorable and glorious days of history. Under the far-sighted policy and strategic leadership of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, President Ilham Aliyev, the glorious Azerbaijani Army has given us happy days of victory by liberating Karabakh territories have longed for and occupied by our hated neighbor for nearly thirty years. At such a joyous moment, it is time to write about the economic potential of these areas and determine the direction of business development, provided that it is used effectively. Of course, the historical and cultural significance of these territories for the people of Azerbaijan far exceeds any economic values. It is gratifying to note that the liberated territories have a rich economic potential. The new economic value created based on the integration of these territories into the country's economy will often exceed all the financial costs of the Azerbaijani state for the restoration of the regions. Key words: Azerbaijan, entrepreneurship, small, medium, occupation, territory

Zrínyi VII. Miklós részvétele a harmincéves háborúban (1642‒1644)

The estates of the Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom, as it is well known, took an active role in the struggles of the Thirty years’ War (1618‒1648) on the Habsburg dynasty’s side. At the request of the monarch, many aristocrats and wealthy noblemen, who had been trained in the so-called small wars (German Kleinkriege) practised along the Ottoman border, raised especially light cavalry units and conducted them to the territory of the Holy Roman Empire. Nicholas VII. Zrínyi/Zrinski (1620‒1664) the Croatian-Slavonian ban-to-be (1647–1664) himself recruited cavalry companies in three successive years (1642–1644), at the head of which he fought in Bohemia and Moravia against the Swedes as well as in upper Hungary against the troops of George I. Rákóczi, the Prince of Transylvania (1630–1648). Moreover, he was appointed as the supreme commander of the Croatian-type cavalry two times. The present gap-fi lling paper primarily aims to clear the chronology of Zrínyi’s field operations in these years. It also reveals his probable motives, the characteristics of the negotiations with the imperial high command as well as the gathering of the troops. The case study will enable us to draw conclusions about the military entrepreneurship of this kind, giving an impetus to the research of this neglected field of early modern military history.

Dostoevsky's Garibaldi: additions to the commentary

This study is a contribution to the research of the extensive topic of Dostoevsky and Garibaldi and is an analysis of two fragments from Dostoevsky's texts, where he addressed the image of the Italian hero. This image is reflected in the artistic, journalistic and epistolary texts by Dostoevsky, his name is calligraphically printed on the pages of two of the writer's notebooks. The article analyzes an episode from the novel "The Idiot": the story of the liar and braggart General Ivolgin about his wound during the Crimean War that was treated by two outstanding surgeons – the Frenchman O. Nelaton and the Russian N. I. Pirogov. It is shown that the subtext of Ivolgin's story refers to the story of Garibaldi's wound in the battle of Aspromonte and the treatment of his leg by O. Nelaton and N. I. Pirogov, which Dostoevsky and his hero learned about from the newspapers. The European and Russian press, which closely followed the political events in Italy and Europe in the 1860s, created a heroic image of this man. The second reference to Garibaldi is from Dostoevsky's Geneva letter to his niece S. A. Ivanova dated January 1 (13), 1868. It presents a parody sketch of contemporary political events and figures in Italy (Cardinal Antonelli, General Kanzler, the defeat of Garibaldi's army at the Battle of Mentana). They are allegorically transferred to the games and amusements of the younger generation of the Ivanov family, with whom the writer spent the summer of 1866. The article corrects the error made by the publishers of Dostoevsky's letters: the title of "general kanzler" (this is how this phrase was published) never existed — in the Battle of Mentana, the supreme commander of the papal troops, which defeated Garibaldi, was General Hermann Kanzler, who had a German origin and surname. The cases considered indicate a significant interest of the writer in the heroic personality of Giuseppe Garibaldi, his activities and fate.

THE LEGALITY OF EX-ISIS CITIZENSHIP FROM INDONESIA IN IRAQ AND SYRIA

After the death of the supreme commander of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), Abu Bakar Al Baghdadi, marked the end of ISIS's legitimacy and hegemony in the Arabian Peninsula. The incident actually led to a new polemic related to the fate of combatants or sympathizers whose support the ISIS (Foreign Terrorist Fighter). With the defeat of ISIS, many FTF are trapped unable to return to their home/ origin countries. On the other side, the sentiment of the country of origin has arisen to not accept its citizens back and lead to revocation of citizenship status. As one of the donor countries for ISIS member, the Government of Indonesia is faced with serious problems regarding the legality of citizenship status and the threat of radical ideology. The dilemmatic attitude to revoke Indonesian citizenship or to repatriate the Ex-ISIS becomes a matter of climax. The issue of this article to centralize and highlight the legality toward the ex-ISIS citizenship from Indonesia in Iraq and Syria. In addition, this article also to give the perspective and elaboration in matter of consequences to repatriate those former ISIS or to withdraw their citizenship. The results of the study of this article are criticized and also analyze the legality of citizenship of ex ISIS member from Indonesia.

Sengo kenpo 1947 Vs. Meiji kenpo 1889: comparative study

This article is a comparative study between not only two manuscripts of constitutions of Japan, but also analytic research revealing all the cultural, ideological, and political aspects that led the Japanese authorities to adopt each of them. The Meiji Constitution was proclaimed in 1889 during the imperialistic phase of Japanese history where the country was named Empire of Greater Japan (大日本帝国), where Tokyo was a dominant world power. While the recent Constitution of Japan (日本国憲法) was issued in 1947 under the supervision of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP), which is eventually, a foreign occupation authority. Through the detailed analysis, premising, and reasoning this study will reveal the historical events that resulted those constitutions and will open the debate to discuss the future prospects of the Japanese armament attempts, which is confined and restricted by Article 9 (日本国憲法第9条).

On Role of General V.E. Borisov in the Stavka of the Supreme Commander in 1915–1917

This article examines the role of General V.E. Borisov in the decision-making process at the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander of the Russian Army in 1915–1917. General Borisov was a friend of General M.V. Alekseyev, and their contemporaries often characterized him as an unofficial advisor to Alekseyev, especially in military matters. When in August 1915 general Alekseyev was appointed as the Chief of Staff of the Supreme Commander and arrived at the Stavka in Mogilev, Borisov followed him, even though he did not have any official status at the time. Comparing the handwriting in Borisov's personal documents with the unsigned documents from the documents of Stavka, preserved at the Russian State Archive for Military History (RGVIA), this article concludes that Borisov in fact took part in the creation of several major notes on Russia's relations with the Allies in the Entente that laid the foundation for the Stavka’s strategic military decisions. In some cases he was the sole author of the documents, sometimes he wrote it together with Alekseyev. Borisov paid particular attention to Serbia and the Balkans, so this article analyses in detail the project of the allied offensive from Galicia and Salonika, developed by Borisov in November 1915. Confirmation of Borisov's participation in Stavka’s strategic activities improves our understanding of Stavka’s functioning and allows us to determine the ideological origins of the strategic decisions of the Russian high command, since, unlike General Alekseyev, Borisov left a vast theoretical legacy.

"Kornilovshchina" as a "Civil War": the Application of the Concept in the Context of a Political Crisis

The article examines the application of the concept of “civil war” during the Revolution of 1917. Attention is paid to the so-called “the Kornilov affair”. We use different political dictionaries, periodicals, public appeals of main political actors, and diaries as our main sources. All political forces used the collocation “civil war”, and they utilized the fear of civil war for their own purposes. The exceptions were some radical Socialists, primarily Vladimir Lenin, who, in some of his texts, described the revolution as a civil war that had already begun. On the eve of the Kornilov affair, some contemporaries assumed that the inevitable political crisis could take a form of a civil war. It is not surprising that the conflict between the Supreme Commander and the Provisional Government, which took the form of a confrontation between army formations, was characterized by people of different views as a civil war. This influenced the description of political opponents who at this stage were perceived as enemies. The Bolsheviks were not the only ones who considered it impossible to achieve any compromise with the “Kornilovites” and the “bourgeoisie”. All this made it extremely difficult to create a new coalition government and limited the base of political support for Alexander Kerensky and other supporters of an agreement with the “bourgeoisie”. The “Kornilov case” was an important stage of the “articulation” of the civil war. Subsequently, this created favorable conditions for the preparation of an armed uprising by the Bolsheviks, who used the new discursive situation of legitimizing violence that arose because of this crisis.

Biography of Lieutenant General V. G. Boldyrev from the new sources

The published collection of documents is devoted to Lieutenant General V.G. Boldyrev, who was one of the major political and military figures of counterrevolution during the Civil War in Russia. The documents are dated November 1922 - August 1923. At that time, Boldyrev was in prison, being arrested by the bodies of the State Political Directorate. The documents contain the information about how and according to what considerations Party and Soviet authorities made decisions concerning the fate of the former Supreme Commander in chief of the anti-Bolshevist camp, who refused to leave Russia and to become an emigrant.