Experimental Study of Freeze-Thaw/Water Compound Erosion and Hydraulic Conditions as Affected by Thawed Depth on Loessal Slope

Freeze-thaw cycles have significant influences on slope erosion processes. In this study, simulated rainfall laboratory experiments were implemented to investigate erosion processes and the relationship between the soil loss rate and hydraulics conditions under different thawed depths and rainfall intensities. The results indicated that linear regression could be used to describe the relationship between the soil loss rate and runoff time. Soil loss rate, as measured by the curve slope k (represented the increase rate in the soil loss rate), generally increased with runoff time over different thawed depths across all rainfall intensities. The k values generally increased with rainfall intensity from 0.6 to 1.2 mm/min, with the exception of the 4 cm thawed slope, for which the k values initially increased before decreasing with rainfall intensity from 0.6 to 1.2 mm/min. The mean soil loss rate and range also increased with thawed depth under the same rainfall intensity. Finally, the interaction of rainfall intensity and thawed depth had the greatest effect on soil loss rate, while stream erosion power was the hydraulic parameter that exhibited the best soil loss rate prediction performance. The results presented herein improve the understanding of the response of freeze-thaw/water compound erosion to hydraulic conditions.

A chitosan-coated liposome encapsulating antibacterial peptide, Apep10: characterisation, triggered-release effects and antilisterial activity in thaw water of frozen chicken

A chitosan-coated liposome encapsulating antibacterial peptide, Apep10, exhibits a toxin triggered-release effect and antilisterial activity in thaw water of frozen chicken.

Metabolite accumulation during ice encasement of timothy grass (Phleum pratense L.)

SynopsisPlants are killed by prolonged ice encasement at slightly subzero temperatures and under these anoxic conditions a number of metabolites are accumulated. Timothy grass plants encased in ice at −2°C can survive these conditions for many weeks and accumulate mainly CO2 and ethanol and lower levels of malate, oxalate, citrate, fumarate and pyruvate. While the accumulation of most of the metabolites increases towards the end of the encasement period the amount of malate decreases, indicating utilisation. Late in the encasement period lactate, butyrate, and traces of malonate, formate and tartarate were detected which might be of bacterial origin. The bacteria most commonly isolated from ice-encased plants is Pseudomonas fluorescens (Trevisan) which in most cases is saprophytic. All of the above-mentioned metabolites were also detected from thaw water in the field after long duration of ice encasement, butyrate attaining the highest concentration.