إشكاليات تحديد معاني الكلمات المترادفات في عملية الترجمة

Synonyms include cultural loads that stand in the background and surround the original text, and that culture and language have a close relationship, as culture is the body and language is its heart. However, when performing the translation process, the translator may be forced to fill some linguistic, stylistic or cultural gaps, in order to best communicate the content of the translated text to the recipient. This article aims to identify the difficulties that the translator faces in choosing the exact term during the translation process. This article uses a descriptive method for presenting data related to the topic. As for the data sources used, they were taken from some appropriate academic books and journals and are in line with this article. The results that I have communicated to indicate that the translation process is a more complex and difficult matter, and in this case the translator does not find the time at all, to refer to the dictionaries to know the exact opposite of the term he faces, but rather he must rely on his intuition and his mastery of the two languages to find an equivalent that helps the listeners to understand the translated speech.

AN AYURVEDIC APPROACH TO FIGHT AGAINST CORONA VIRUS

The Global Health Scenario has been changed at present due to unpredictable outbreak of pandemic novel Corona virus (SARS-Co V- 2) in the community of nation. The coronavirus has already transmitted the disease COVID -19 all over 213 countries and territories around the world. So as a resultant factor, 22,862,661 confirmed corona virus case already detected and among them 797,117 deceased cases noted as of August 21st, 2020. In spite of extensive efforts to resolve the pandemic conditions, transmission as well as their treatment modalities still now could not be established satisfyingly. The exact term Corona vi-rus is not mentioned in Ayurvedic treatise but viruses as well as any micro-organisms and their preventive measures also illustrated in Ayurvedic manuscript in Susrut Samhita Sutra Sthana as Jantu or Nisachara. Even the pandemic situation also described in Charak Samhita, Viman Sthana as the term of “Jana Pada Dhangsha”. The classical medical science Ayurveda, already proven its efficacy over flu like condition as well as viral & respiratory distress in human being is having such of similarity with Agantuja Sannipatika Roga as well as highly contagious disorder, so for the purpose of breaking the chain of Corona virus transmission in human being, Ayurvedic preventive as well as protective measures could be beneficial.

POLYBIUS’ VOCABULARY OF WORLD DOMINATION: τῶν ὅλων AND ἡ oἰκουμένη

Polybius uses two terms to describe the extent of Roman power, ἡ οἰκουμένη (‘the inhabited world’) and τῶν ὅλων (‘the whole’), in his account of Rome's rise to hegemony over the Mediterranean. Scholars and translators have treated these two terms as essentially identical, yet this erases a subtle distinction in Polybius’ language. While ἡ οἰκουμένη occurs in a variety of cases, τῶν ὅλων is always in the genitive plural, regularly paired with some noun such as ἀρχή (‘rule’), δυναστεῖα (‘power’), or ἐπιβολή (‘attempt’). Polybius uses the less precise expression, τῶν ὅλων, to refer to objects of the Romans’ own ambitions; ἡ οἰκουμένη describes either the extent of Roman power or the goal towards which fortune, τύχη, directs world events. Polybius does not deny that the Romans, like most ancient states, acted aggressively. However, by not using the more exact term to describe Roman aims, he qualifies their agency, making their expansionist tendency an insufficient explanation of their hegemony over the Mediterranean. Moreover, these same passages lack the rich vocabulary that Polybius used to describe deliberation and planning. This re-evaluation of key programmatic passages suggests that they have been over-interpreted in the search for Polybius’ verdict on Roman imperialism.

On the Vibrational Behavior of Piezoelectric Nano-Beams

In this article surface effects are considered to study the electromechanical coupling behavior of piezoelectric nanobeams with the non-local Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. The equation of motion for piezoelectric nanobeams with considering both surface effect and nonlocal effect is achieved and exact term for natural frequencies is derived for simply supported conditions. In the following the axial load effect on the natural frequencies piezoelectric nanobeams has been studied.

Orality disorders in melancholia: acedia as stagnation

In this article valuable contributions by Lasègue, Freud and Abraham are discussed, as they are all indispensible to the understanding of orality disorders in melancholia. Although none of the above authors used the exact term "orality disorders," their understandings of both hysteria and melancholia are important in the debate surrounding the clinical treatment of these difficulties. Sadness is a common denominator for the authors, but contributions on acedia, the "noonday demon" mentioned by Agamben, are also important. Acedia is defined as stagnation, a desperate lack of vigor when faced with a wearying and demanding situation. Those who suffer from chronic acedia feel great inertia and are unable to envision a future. They see their creativity wane away, especially due to the painful isolation caused by what might be called anguished sadness - a denial of sadness through manic action.

TOWARDS THE LOCALIZATION OF SUSY GAUGE THEORY ON A CURVED SPACE

We consider an [Formula: see text] supersymmetric gauge theory on a curved space. We try to generalize Pestun's localization calculation on the four-sphere to a more general class of curved spaces. We calculated the Q-exact term to localize the path-integral, and when it becomes positive-definite, we obtain a configuration where the path-integral localizes. We also evaluate the super-Yang–Mills action in this configuration.

Andrew Wright’s critical radicalism, Clive Erricker’s radical postmodernism and teenage perceptions of spirituality

This article is a report of the author's doctoral research completed in 2007. The research was carried out among secondary school pupils in England aged 12–17. Its purpose was to find out what they understood spirituality to be. ‘Spirituality’ here does not mean religious spirituality or the ‘alternative’ or ‘countercultural’ spirituality which was the primary focus of this conference. Instead the author addresses the distinctive debate in England about the nature of that spirituality, or to use the exact term, ‘spiritual development’, which has to be promoted by law in English schools. This is referred to this as spirituality-in-education. Students’ rationales for selecting religious education are dependent on their understanding and experience of the subject and what they get out of it. Students regard content as more important in religious education than any other subject, but as a means to ends (developing beliefs, developing in one’s religion, understanding others) than as an end in itself. What is apparent here is that many students from different perspectives have found religious education to make a significant contribution to their spiritual development, but that contribution varies for each person.

N=2 SUPER-YANG–MILLS ACTION AND BRST COHOMOLOGY

The extended BRST cohomology of N=2 super-Yang–Mills theory is discussed in the framework of Algebraic Renormalization. In particular, N=2 supersymmetric descent equations are derived from the cohomological analysis of linearized Slavnov–Taylor operator ℬ. It is then shown that both off- and on-shell N=2 super-Yang–Mills actions are related to a lower-dimensional gauge-invariant field polynomial Tr ϕ2 by solving these descent equations. Moreover, it is found that these off- and on-shell solutions differ only by a ℬ-exact term, which can be interpreted as a consequence of the fact that the cohomology of both cases are the same.

N = 1 SYM ACTION AND BRST COHOMOLOGY

The relation between BRST cohomology and the N = 1 supersymmetric Yang–Mills action in four dimensions is discussed. In particular, it is shown that both off- and on-shell N = 1 SYM actions are related to a lower-dimensional field polynomial by solving the descent equations, which is obtained from the cohomological analysis of linearized Slavnov–Taylor operator ℬ, in the framework of algebraic renormalization. Furthermore we show that off- and on-shell solutions differ only by a ℬ-exact term, which is a consequence of the fact that the cohomology of both cases are the same.

Macromolecule and polymer

The article suggests that instead of the obsolete and imprecise "polymer", the exact term is "macromolecule ", and in the future it should be applied in all fields of macromolecular science.