The characteristics of the Waiwhetu artesian aquifer beneath Wellington Harbour including the spatial distribution and causes of submarine spring discharge

<p>This thesis is a study of the sub-harbour Waiwhetu Artesian Aquifer, and in particular the nature and characteristics of artesian leakage from submarine springs. This aquifer is a sheet of gravel and other coarse sediments which continues from the Lower Hutt Valley and extends beneath Wellington Harbour where it varies in thickness from approximately 70m against the Wellington Fault scarp to just over 20m thick against the eastern harbour margin. The water it contains is a valuable resource supplying approximately one third of Wellington's municipal water consumption. At present, there are plans to utilise this artesian water source to a greater extent in the future, to support a greater burden of the region's water requirements. However concerns over possible salt-water intrusion and contamination of the aquifer led to an interest in developing a better understanding of the characteristics of this artesian system, particularly beneath the harbour floor. Harbour floor depressions were selected as likely sources of artesian water leakage based on the presumption that they had been formed by the action of leaking artesian water from beneath. Eleven depression 'zones' were investigated by recording the salinity of the water within the depressions using a portable conductivity/temperature meter. SCUBA diver's observations and bathymetric mapping revealed that depressions ranged in width from 53m to 369m (at the harbour floor) and 12m to 69m (at the depression base), with depths ranging from 13.3m to 31.3m below sea level. Only a few depressions were found to be actively discharging significant amounts of artesian water. SCUBA diver investigations found this leakage to be typically concentrated at a number of small and discrete spring 'vents' located on the base of the active depression. Typical salinities recorded ranged from 28 - 33 ppt within a few centimetres of the discharge vents. Deployment of an S4 current meter in two depressions showed that spring vent discharges vary with the pattern of abstraction from the pumping stations in the Lower Hutt Valley and as a consequence of the tidal cycle. High tides generate a greater load on the underlying aquifer, which in turn compresses the aquifer structure to a greater extent than at low tides, thus 'squeezing' out more water. Almost all of the recorded leakage was found to occur from a cluster of submarine springs within one of the depression zones, roughly 1100 metres from the Hutt River mouth. One other notable area of leakage was found close to Seaview Wharf. No significant leakage was observed or recorded from the two deep depressions south of Somes Island, which had previously been considered to be the major outlet of artesian leakage in the harbour. Lower than normal salinity values were also recorded in the harbour entrance. In this region the aquiclude is hypothesised to peter out, allowing artesian water to escape from the aquifer through a large area of the seabed in the form of widespread leakage as opposed to the concentrated, or discrete, form associated with spring vent discharge. Seismic profiles were used to map the extent of the sub-harbour Waiwhetu Artesian Aquifer and its upper confining aquiclude, the Petone Marine Beds. This work showed that the aquifer gravels extend across the entire harbour area. However, the water-bearing capacity of these deposits was found to be inconsistent. Preferential pathways, present as paleochannels (relic river channels), can be mapped within the aquifer. They concentrate the flow of groundwater through the aquifer and as such supply the submarine spring regions with much higher rates of water flow than the inter-paleochannel areas. The harbour floor depressions are thought to have formed as a consequence of the deformation of aquifer and aquiclude deposits during intense shaking associated with earthquakes leading to the removal of portions of the confining aquiclude. This typically occurs from a combination of raised piezometric pressures as a result of consolidation of the aquifer material during shaking, and from failure of the aquiclude by liquefaction. This rupture of the aquiclude results in the release of large volumes of artesian water through the aquiclude and to the sea. As this flow of water moves upward through the aquiclude, it erodes and transports away the fine sediment that forms this member. The features left behind are the characteristic harbour floor depressions we associate with submarine spring discharge. The abstraction of water from the Waiwhetu Artesian Aquifer (for the Wellington municipal water supply) lowers the piezometric pressure within the aquifer close to the abstraction zone. As such, the relocation of the abstraction focus (during 1980) to three kilometres inland from Petone Foreshore has greatly improved the 'health' of the subharbour aquifer and has similarly reduced the threat of salt-water intrusion. Data gathered during this study implies that while the two deep depressions south of Somes Island are unlikely to be a threat with regard to salt-water intrusion, the cluster of depressions off the Hutt River mouth could be a site of salt-water entry if piezometric pressures in the aquifer beneath them dropped low enough. Spring discharge velocities collected over one spring vent indicate that the presently set minimum piezometric Petone Foreshore level (below which abstraction must cease) needs to be revised.</p>

The characteristics of the Waiwhetu artesian aquifer beneath Wellington Harbour including the spatial distribution and causes of submarine spring discharge

<p>This thesis is a study of the sub-harbour Waiwhetu Artesian Aquifer, and in particular the nature and characteristics of artesian leakage from submarine springs. This aquifer is a sheet of gravel and other coarse sediments which continues from the Lower Hutt Valley and extends beneath Wellington Harbour where it varies in thickness from approximately 70m against the Wellington Fault scarp to just over 20m thick against the eastern harbour margin. The water it contains is a valuable resource supplying approximately one third of Wellington's municipal water consumption. At present, there are plans to utilise this artesian water source to a greater extent in the future, to support a greater burden of the region's water requirements. However concerns over possible salt-water intrusion and contamination of the aquifer led to an interest in developing a better understanding of the characteristics of this artesian system, particularly beneath the harbour floor. Harbour floor depressions were selected as likely sources of artesian water leakage based on the presumption that they had been formed by the action of leaking artesian water from beneath. Eleven depression 'zones' were investigated by recording the salinity of the water within the depressions using a portable conductivity/temperature meter. SCUBA diver's observations and bathymetric mapping revealed that depressions ranged in width from 53m to 369m (at the harbour floor) and 12m to 69m (at the depression base), with depths ranging from 13.3m to 31.3m below sea level. Only a few depressions were found to be actively discharging significant amounts of artesian water. SCUBA diver investigations found this leakage to be typically concentrated at a number of small and discrete spring 'vents' located on the base of the active depression. Typical salinities recorded ranged from 28 - 33 ppt within a few centimetres of the discharge vents. Deployment of an S4 current meter in two depressions showed that spring vent discharges vary with the pattern of abstraction from the pumping stations in the Lower Hutt Valley and as a consequence of the tidal cycle. High tides generate a greater load on the underlying aquifer, which in turn compresses the aquifer structure to a greater extent than at low tides, thus 'squeezing' out more water. Almost all of the recorded leakage was found to occur from a cluster of submarine springs within one of the depression zones, roughly 1100 metres from the Hutt River mouth. One other notable area of leakage was found close to Seaview Wharf. No significant leakage was observed or recorded from the two deep depressions south of Somes Island, which had previously been considered to be the major outlet of artesian leakage in the harbour. Lower than normal salinity values were also recorded in the harbour entrance. In this region the aquiclude is hypothesised to peter out, allowing artesian water to escape from the aquifer through a large area of the seabed in the form of widespread leakage as opposed to the concentrated, or discrete, form associated with spring vent discharge. Seismic profiles were used to map the extent of the sub-harbour Waiwhetu Artesian Aquifer and its upper confining aquiclude, the Petone Marine Beds. This work showed that the aquifer gravels extend across the entire harbour area. However, the water-bearing capacity of these deposits was found to be inconsistent. Preferential pathways, present as paleochannels (relic river channels), can be mapped within the aquifer. They concentrate the flow of groundwater through the aquifer and as such supply the submarine spring regions with much higher rates of water flow than the inter-paleochannel areas. The harbour floor depressions are thought to have formed as a consequence of the deformation of aquifer and aquiclude deposits during intense shaking associated with earthquakes leading to the removal of portions of the confining aquiclude. This typically occurs from a combination of raised piezometric pressures as a result of consolidation of the aquifer material during shaking, and from failure of the aquiclude by liquefaction. This rupture of the aquiclude results in the release of large volumes of artesian water through the aquiclude and to the sea. As this flow of water moves upward through the aquiclude, it erodes and transports away the fine sediment that forms this member. The features left behind are the characteristic harbour floor depressions we associate with submarine spring discharge. The abstraction of water from the Waiwhetu Artesian Aquifer (for the Wellington municipal water supply) lowers the piezometric pressure within the aquifer close to the abstraction zone. As such, the relocation of the abstraction focus (during 1980) to three kilometres inland from Petone Foreshore has greatly improved the 'health' of the subharbour aquifer and has similarly reduced the threat of salt-water intrusion. Data gathered during this study implies that while the two deep depressions south of Somes Island are unlikely to be a threat with regard to salt-water intrusion, the cluster of depressions off the Hutt River mouth could be a site of salt-water entry if piezometric pressures in the aquifer beneath them dropped low enough. Spring discharge velocities collected over one spring vent indicate that the presently set minimum piezometric Petone Foreshore level (below which abstraction must cease) needs to be revised.</p>

RANCANG BANGUN IOT MENGGUNAKAN SIM900A PADA SISTEM INFORMASI TAGIHAN AIR ARTETIS METODE WATER FLOW

Internet of Things (IoT) is a dynamic global network infrastructure with standard configuration capabilities and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual "things" have identities, physical attributes and virtual personalities and use smart interfaces, and are integrated into the network. Water is a source of life for humans and nutrients needed by humans. One of the essential daily needs of living things in this world that cannot be separated is water. The problem or obstacle that exists with the use of artesian water is that when the meter calculation (usage standard) is still using human labor, in other words there is a mobile officer at the end of every month, while in the middle of the month the officer returns to provide a payment account receipt. Not yet, if the officer has difficulty checking, they have to be behind the customer's house if the meter (standard of use) is located behind the house, and the place is not strategic. Then sometimes the recording is not accurate because it is not in accordance with the usage of the existing customer being metered. This gives the effect of a longer process, less accurate results, and makes the job more difficult and customers also feel worried that if the staff is not careful about recording water usage, the authors are inspired to design and make a tool to make it easier to record water usage with modern technology. namely the Artetis Water Billing Information System using Water Flow and IoT-based Sim900A in the Purwoyoso village area of Semarang where people can maintain and manage water more effectively and efficiently for human survival.

DETERMINATION THE PERIOD OF GUARANTEED TROUBLE-FREE OPERATION OF THE HYDRAULIC SCHEMES BASED ON THE OPERATIONAL RELIABILITY INDICATORS OF PUMPING UNITS

The article presents the values of the failure rate for modern types of pumps of four groups: submersible, designed for drainage and wastewater drainage; domestic; cantilever; submersible - for artesian water intake based on statistical data processing on their operation. The obtained values of the failure rate allow us to evaluate the reliability indicators of hydraulic circuits that use various types of pumping equipment. The article analyzes the failures of pumping equipment with their detailed description and presentation of practical photos accumulated at a specialized enterprise, whose activities are aimed at designing pumping stations, supply, installation and maintenance of pumping equipment on the territory of the Republic of Crimea.

PURIFICATION OF POLLUTED WATER AT THE MUBAREK GAS PROCESSING PLANT LTD USING BY ION EXCHANGERS

The full chemical composition of the circulating and make-up water of the Mubarek Gas Processing Plant JSC “Uzbekneftigaz” has been investigated. Raw water sources are the Kui-Mazorsk reservoir and groundwater (artesian water).The amount of released impurities after their softening by passing through the layers of the KU-2-8 cation exchanger is determined. This method is simple, effective and energy-saving in water treatment, LLC "Mubarek" GPP.

The annual total artesian water diversion plan of 300billion Square meters in the arid desert area of northwest China

The water shortage in the arid desert area of northwest China has seriously restricted the healthy, balanced and sustainable development of the national economy. In the arid desert area of northwest China, the total budget of the full artesian water diversion project of 300billion square meters per year is less than 3trillion yuan, and the construction period is less than 10years. Hope the central government, Ministry of Water Resources, ministry of agriculture, ministry of water and power. And other major national economy and people's livelihood related departments and many experts and scholars, people with lofty ideals to pay high attention in a timely manner.

Novel Approach to Automated Flow Titration for the Determination of Fe(III)

A novel approach to automated flow titration with spectrophotometric detection for the determination of Fe(III) is presented. The approach is based on the possibility of strict and simultaneous control of the flow rates of sample and titrant streams over time. It consists of creating different but precisely defined concentration gradients of titrant and analyte in each successively formed monosegments, and is based on using the calculated titrant dilution factor. The procedure was verified by complexometric titration of Fe(III) in the form of a complex with sulfosalicylic acid, using EDTA as a titrant. Fe(III) and Fe(II) (after oxidation to Fe(III) with the use of H2O2) were determined with good precision (CV lower than 1.7%, n = 6) and accuracy ( | RE | lower than 3.3%). The approach was applied to determine Fe(III) and Fe(II) in artesian water samples. Results of determinations were consistent with values obtained using the ICP–OES reference method. Using the procedure, it was possible to perform titration in 6 min for a wide range of analyte concentrations, using 2.4 mL of both sample and titrant.

INCREASING WATER AVAILABILITY IN THE NORTH-EASTERN CRIMEA

The formation of water-deficit conditions in most of the territory of the Crimean Peninsula causes the redistribution of surface and underground runoff between regions. Available volumes of water resources in various regions of the Crimea are distributed unevenly, which requires the construction of long water supply routes. To improve water supply, a water supply System has been developed for the Eastern Crimea with artesian water from wells in the South-Eastern part of the Crimean Peninsula.