Assessment of the risk of destabilization of vehicles at crossing points between streams and roads

<p>River floods can cause the destabilization of vehicles and vehicles can increase the negative impacts of floods when they are mobilized by the flow, causing economic and life losses. Because of this, integral flood management requires the identification and assessment of the risk to which vehicles are subjected at the crossing points between water currents and roads. In the present investigation a methodology was developed to calculate this risk based on the characteristics of vehicles, floods and traffic. The risk at each stream crossing is calculated by means of the statistical integral of the vehicle vulnerability given the actual exposition and hazard.</p><p> </p><p>Hazard corresponds to the probability that flow causes the destabilization of each type of car and is determined from the hydrodynamic characteristics of the floods and the implementation of a stability criterion for partially submerged cars, through which a hazard index is established. Hazard is obtained through the combination of the probability that the flood event occurs with the values that the hazard index would take. The vulnerability of a given type of car is determined by means of a damage function defined from the values of the hazard index. The exposure is established based on the traffic characteristics and the driver behavior.</p><p> </p><p>The methodology developed was applied in the municipality of Godelleta (Spain), finding that in approximately a quarter of the 25 intersections between streams and roads, the risk of vehicles due to flooding is relatively high, since it exceeds 0.2 vehicles per year. In approximately half of the intersections the risk is relatively low since it is less than 0.1 vehicles per year. Additionally, it was found that the risk of vehicles in stream crossings due to flooding is highly sensitive to the magnitude of the water level from which drivers decide to interrupt vehicle traffic through flooded crossing. The magnitude of the risk grows as drivers assume less conservative behavior, that is, when they decide to drive with higher water levels.</p><p>Key words</p><p>Risk of vehicles due to floods</p><p>Stability of cars partially submerged</p><p>Vulnerability of vehicles to floods</p>

PENGARUH KARAKTERISTIK INDIVIDU, BUDAYA KERJA DAN PERILAKU INDIVIDU TERHADAP KINERJA PEGAWAI: STUDI KASUS PADA PT. TELEVISI MANDIRI PAPUA

ABSTRACTThis study aims: to analyze the influence of individual characteristics, work culture and individual behavior to employee performance in PT. Papua Independent Television: and to analyze the dominant factor influencing the performance of employees at PT. Papua Independent Television. The method of analysis used in this research is statistical integral multiples regression model analysis using. The result of analysis that: the first problem showed that the simultaneous behavior of employees, work culture and employee characteristics of strong and significant influence on the performance of employees; the second problem shows that partially dominant culture influence the performances ofemployees and thus concluded that the partially dominant culture and the most significant effect onperformance.Keywords: Individual characteristics, work culture, individual behavior, and performance.ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh karakteristik individu, budaya kerja dan perilaku individu terhadap kinerja pegawai; dan untuk menganalisis faktor yang berpengaruh dominan terhadap kinerja pegawai pada PT. Televisi Mandiri Papua. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah statistik integral model multiples regression analysis.Berdasarkan hasil analisis disimpulkan bahwa secara simultan perilaku pegawai, budaya kerja dankarakteristik pegawai berpengaruh kuat dan signifkan terhadap kinerja pegawai, serta menunjukkansecara parsial budaya kerja berpengaruh dominan dan paling signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai.

Friction Heat Due to Sliding of Rough Surfaces: Micro-Scale Interactions and Their Macro-Scale Effect

When two rough surfaces are in sliding contact an asperity on a surface would experience intermittent temperature flashes as it comes in momentary contact with asperities on a second surface. The frequency of the flash temperatures, their strength and duration depend, in addition to the sliding speed, on the topology of the two surfaces. In this paper a model is developed for the work-heat relation with a consideration of the above-mentioned intermittent nature of contact. The work of friction on one asperity is derived in integral form and closed-form equations. The rate of generation of heat is found due to a single asperity. Using the statistical account of asperity friction heat generation, rate of heat generation between two rough surfaces is obtained both in statistical integral form and in the approximate closed form.

A Statistical Account of Asperity Heating in a Rough Surface Contact

When two rough surfaces are in sliding contact an asperity on a surface would experience intermittent temperature flashes as it comes in momentary contact with asperities on a second surface. The frequency of the flash temperatures, their strength and duration depend, in addition to the sliding speed, on the topology of the two surfaces. In this paper a model is developed for the work-heat relation with a consideration of the above-mentioned intermittent nature of contact. The work of friction on one asperity is derived in integral form and closed-form equations. The rate of generation of heat is found due to a single asperity. Using the statistical account of asperity friction heat generation, rate of heat generation between two rough surfaces is obtained both in statistical integral form and in the approximate closed form.