Different scales of gene duplications occurring at different times have jointly shaped the NBS-LRR genes in Prunus species

In this study, genome-wide identification, phylogenetic relationships, duplication time and selective pressure of the NBS-LRR genes, an important group of plant disease-resistance genes (R genes), were performed to uncover their genetic evolutionary patterns in the six Prunus species. A total of 1946 NBS-LRR genes were identified; specifically, 589, 361, 284, 281, 318, and 113 were identified in Prunus yedoensis, P. domestica, P. avium, P. dulcis, P. persica and P. yedoensis var. nudiflora, respectively. Two NBS-LRR gene subclasses, TIR-NBS-LRR (TNL) and non-TIR-NBS-LRR (non-TNL), were also discovered. In total, 435 TNL and 1511 non-TNL genes were identified and could be classified into 30/55/75 and 103/158/191 multi-gene families, respectively, according to three different criteria. Higher Ks and Ka/Ks values were detected in TNL gene families than in non-TNL gene families. These results indicated that the TNL genes had more members involved in relatively ancient duplications and were affected by stronger selection pressure than the non-TNL genes. In general, the NBS-LRR genes were shaped by species-specific duplications, and lineage-specific duplications occurred at recent and relatively ancient periods among the six Prunus species. Therefore, different duplicated copies of NBS-LRRs can resist specific pathogens and will provide an R-gene library for resistance breeding in Prunus species.

Culture Growth of the Cyanobacterium Phormidium sp. in Various Salinity and Light Regimes and Their Influence on Its Phycocyanin and Other Pigments Content

A strain of the filamentous non N-fixing cyanobacterium Phormidium sp. isolated from the Messolonghi (W. Greece) saltworks, was cultured in the laboratory at six different combinations of salinity (20-40-60 ppt) and illumination (low-2000 lux and high-8000 lux). At salinities of 60 and 40 ppt and in high illumination (XL-8000 lux), the growth rate (μmax) presented the highest values (0.491 and 0.401, respectively) compared to the corresponding at 20 ppt (0.203). In general and at all salinities, the higher illumination (XL) gave the highest growth rates and shorter duplication time (tg) in comparison to the lower illumination (L). On the contrary, phycocyanin, phycoerythrin and allophycocyanin production was extremely increased in the lower illumination (L) in all salinities, from ~14 fold at 40 and 60 ppt to 269 fold at 20 ppt of those corresponding to higher illumination (XL). Similar analogies were also recorded for the other two billiproteins. Chlorophyll-a content was also higher in lower illumination at all salinities in contrast to total carotenoids that did not exhibit such a pattern. The high growth rate and high phycocyanin content along with the rapid sedimentation of its cultured biomass can set this marine Phormidium species as a promising candidate for mass culture.

Towards Efficient Big Data Storage With MapReduce Deduplication System

In the big data era, there is a high requirement for data storage and processing. The conventional approach faces a great challenge, and de-duplication is an excellent approach to reduce the storage space and computational time. Many existing approaches take much time to pinpoint the similar data. MapReduce de-duplication system is proposed to attain high duplication ratio. MapReduce is the parallel processing approach that helps to process large number of files in less time. The proposed system uses two threshold two divisor with switch algorithm for chunking. Switch is the average parameter used by TTTD-S to minimize the chunk size variance. Hashing using SHA-3 and fractal tree indexing is used here. In fractal index tree, read and write takes place at the same time. Data size after de-duplication, de-duplication ratio, throughput, hash time, chunk time, and de-duplication time are the parameters used. The performance of the system is tested by college scorecard and ZCTA dataset. The experimental results show that the proposed system can lessen the duplicity and processing time.

The crossroads of melatonin: Bibliometric analysis and mapping of global scientific research

Melatonin is a molecule that has attracted a great deal of attention from the scientific community in the last 50 years. The aim of this study is to analyze the scientific production on related to melatonin using bibliometric tools. We performed a search in Web of Science, involving documents published between 1958 and 2019. We used bibliometric indicators to explore documents production, dispersion, distribution, time of duplication and annual growth, as Price's law of scientific literature growth, Lotka's law, the transient index and the Bradford model. We also calculated the participation index of the different countries and institutions. Finally, through bibliometric mapping, we explored the co-occurrence networks for the most frequently used terms in melatonin research. A total of 20,768 documents were retrieved. Scientific production was better adjusted to linear growth (r = 0.9535) than exponential (r = 0.9313). The duplication time of the documents obtained was 14.2 years. The transience index was 62%, which indicates that most of the scientific production is due to very few authors. The signature rate per document was 1.95. Thirty-four journals made up the Bradford core, highlighting Journal of Pineal Research. USA and University of Texas present the highest production. Map network visualization shows the generated term map detailing on clusters of closely related terms. The growth of the scientific literature on melatonin was linear, with a very high rate of transience, which indicates the presence of numerous authors who sporadically publish on this topic. No evidence of a saturation point was observed. In the last 10 years, there has been a relevant increase in documents on melatonin.

1748. Incidence of Cytomegalovirus Disease and Viral Replication Kinetics in Intermediate Risk Liver Transplant Recipients Managed According to a Preemtive Therapy Algortihm

Background Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an important opportunistic pathogen in liver transplant recipients (LTR). Risk of invasive disease is determined by CMV donor/recipient (D/R) serostatus, immunosuppression, and use of antiviral prophylaxis. Viral replication kinetics that can predict the development of CMV disease in transplant recipients are a high maximal viral load (VL) and a fast replication velocity. At our institution LTR at intermediate risk for CMV disease (CMV D/R+) are managed following a preemptive therapy algorithm (the pre-established cutoff for treatment initiation is 4,000 IU/mL). The primary endpoint of this study was to determine the incidence of early CMV disease in CMV D/R+ LTR. Secondary endpoints were to calculate the period of maximal VL and viral kinetic parameters. Methods We performed a retrospective observational study of CMV D/R+ LTR. Patients were followed for 6 months after transplantation. We calculated the incidence of CMV disease. Viral kinetic parameters calculated were the VL duplication time (Td) and the basic reproductive number (R0). For the assessment of viral kinetics we used the maximal VL of 10 patients who had a VL determined within the previous week. Results Forty CMV D/R+ LTR were included. The median age was 52 years, 65% were women. The mean MELD score was 18, 83% of patients had decompensated cirrhosis. No patient developed CMV disease during the first 6 months after LT. Nineteen patients (47%) had CMV DNAemia, but only 8 (20%) required antiviral therapy. The highest VLs were observed during the second month after transplant. The median duplication time was 2.14 days. The median R0 was 1.46. Conclusion Although limited by our sample size, our algorithm appears useful for discriminating the patients who need antiviral treatment from those who will only have asymptomatic DNAemia. The study population VL, Td and R0 behave as described by other groups, which emphasizes the need for frequent monitoring. This is a challenge for CMV prevention in resource-limited countries. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Evaluation of Agro-Industrial Co-Products as Source of Bioactive Compounds: Fiber, Antioxidants and Prebiotic

Agro-industrial co-products derived of fruit processing represents an important source of bioactive compounds as fiber, antioxidants and prebiotics. The objective of this work was to determine the content of fiber, antioxidant capacity and prebiotic activity of three flours obtained from commonly co-products (banana peel, apple peel, and carrot bagasse). The results showed a higher total fiber content in carrot bagasse, and lower in apple peel. Significantly differences were found in antioxidant activity. Fruit co-products flours were a suitable carbon source increasing specific growth rate with a reduction in duplication time as compared to glucose. The prebiotic activity was positive in the three co-products, all flours survived at pH 1.0 and showed resistance to simulated gastric acid for about 60 min. Banana peel, apple peel and carrot bagasse showed to be a good source of bioactive compounds as fiber and antioxidants and can be used as prebiotics for lactic acid bacteria.

Modified PEHPS Medium as an Alternative for theIn VitroCulture ofGiardia lamblia

Commercial culture media present interlot variations in biological activity. We have previously designed a homemade and economic culture medium, PEHPS medium, for the axenic cultivation ofEntamoeba histolyticaandTrichomonas vaginalis. Trophozoites of amoebae and trichomonads grow well in this medium. Furthermore, the medium is stable for several months when stored frozen or refrigerated. The objective of this work was to modify PEHPS medium to support thein vitrogrowth ofGiardia lamblia. Inocula of 5 × 103trophozoites/mL ofG. lambliawere incubated at 36.5°C in modified PEHPS or TYI-S-33 medium. Then, the growths of the threeGiardiastrains in both media were compared. The logarithmic growth phase lasted 72 h; the mean yield of the strains ranged from 10.06 to 11.43 × 105Giardiatrophozoites/mL, and the range of duplication time in the three strains was from 5.67 to 6.06 in modified PEHPS medium. These growth characteristics were not significantly different from those obtained with TYI-S-33 medium. We conclude that modified PEHPS medium might be used for the axenic cultivation ofG. lamblia.

EFECTO DE LA ZEOLITA NATURAL CLINOPTILITA SOBRE EL CRECIMIENTO DE DUNALIELLA SALINA (TEODORESCO, 1905) CULTIVADA EN UN FOTOBIORREACTOR DE MÚLTIPLES CÁMARAS OSCILANTES

We studied the growth and production of pigment of microalgae Dunaliella salina cultivated in<br />photobioreactor multicamera oscillating outside laboratory conditions to evaluate the effect of different<br />concentrations of zeolite (ZC). Growth was evaluated by cell count and pigment content was performed<br />by spectrophotometric techniques. The results indicate that the concentration of 50 mgL-1 of ZC produced<br />a better stimulus on the growth of the microalga reaching maximum cell density (MDC) of 5.51 ±0.45 x 106<br />celmL-1, growth rate (μ) 0.37 ±0.03 divday-1 and duplication time (Td) of 1.87 ±0.02 days. Likewise,<br />produced a greater increase in the total chlorophyll and carotenoids in the logarithmic phase of values<br />15.554 ±0.77 and 0.50 ±0.01 mgmL-1, respectively. Chloroplastic pigments concentration per volume of<br />culture has a significant correlation with maximum cell density of D. salina treatments based on zeolite at<br />all stages of growth with rMDC, chla.tot= 0.89 y una rMDC, carot.tot=0.926 at a level of significance (p &lt;0.01). The<br />results demonstrated the feasibility of using this product as a suitable substrate for the growth of the<br />microalga, being an innovative alternative and less costly to obtain significant metabolites.

A IMPORTÂNCIA DA IMPLANTAÇÃO DE UMA ADMINISTRAÇÃO VOLTADA PARA AQUISIÇÃO DE PERIÓDICOS EM BIBLIOTECAS EM SISTEMAS DE REDETHE IMPORTANCE OF AN ADMINISTRACION DIRECTED TOWARD SERIALS ACQUISITION IN LIBRARIES' NETWORKED SYSTEMS

A presente pesquisa visa conceituar sistemas de rede de bibliotecas, bem como, citar alguns exemplos de bibliotecas que trabalham em rede e explicitar a função da aquisição como uma das funções biblioteconômicas. Este estudo propõe-se ainda a explicar a aquisição planificada como uma solução para problemas financeiros, de duplicidade, tempo, recursos humanos, incompatibilidade. Assim como, aborda a importância e os benefícios da implantação de uma administração responsável pela aquisição de bibliotecas que trabalham em sistemas de rede. Este trabalho foca-se na implantação dessa administração na aquisição de material periódico das bibliotecas.Abstract The present research aims to give the conceptual meaning of libraries network systems, as well as to cite some examples of libraries that work in net. It also explicit the acquisition as one of the librarianship functions. Besides, this study proposes to explain the planned acquisition as a solution for problems such as: financial, duplication, time, human resources and incompatibility. It also approaches the importance and the benefits of the implantation of a responsible administration for the acquisition of libraries that work in net systems. This work focuses mainly on the implantation of this kind of administration for the acquisition of libraries’ serials materials.