Providing a headquarters for business to a company from the same capital group and the status of an obligated institution

Purpose By implementing Directive (EU) 2015/849 of the European Parliament and of the Council of May 20, 2015, the Polish legislator decided to pass the Act of 1 March 2018 on counteracting money laundering and financing of terrorism (AML). In connection with it, many interpretative doubts have arisen. The purpose of this paper is to explain one of them, namely, to indicate whether the provision by a company of a registered office for economic activity to another company from the same capital group means that the company granting its headquarters has achieved the status of an obligated institution pursuant to Article 2 section 1 point 16 letter c) of AML. Design/methodology/approach This study is based on a grammatical, systemic and functional interpretation. It is enriched with national and supranational regulations, doctrinal considerations and current jurisprudence. Findings On the basis of the conducted analysis, the author concludes that providing a headquarters to another company from the same capital group may mean meeting the conditions of an obligated institution within the meaning of Article 2 section 1 point 16 letter c) of AML and obtaining by the company providing the registered office the status of an obliged entity. Originality/value This paper contributes to the clarification of the AML interpretation problem. Adopting a similar approach when analysing other obligated institutions may positively influence the consolidation of the correct interpretation path of AML regulations.

Price management system in the field of forming the value of eco-friendly commercial products

The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology for justifying and accepting prices for supplied and purchased commercial products, based on an analysis of the functioning of price management at high-tech production enterprises at the micro-, meso- and micro-levels. A conceptual interpretation problem is presented - either to organize and implement a unified price representation, or to create a unique management toolkit for each scheme. It is considered how it is possible to localize specialized management: in the area under consideration - as price management for various organizational and institutional levels of management, including the case of corporate groupings, such as Russian high-tech holdings.

INTERPRETATION PROBLEM CRITERION OF CONFERENCE, LIMITING THE SCOPE OF THE MECHANISM ACQUISITION

Based on the analysis of the current civil law, judicial practice and scientific literature, this article explores some of the problems of interpreting good faith as the requisite for acquiring ownership by prescription. The authors draw attention to the limited situations to which the rule on acquisitive prescription may apply, due to the existing official regulatory clarification of the good faith criterion. The work examines the latest practice of the judicial board for civil cases of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, which formed a position on the interpretation of good faith, which seems to contradict the legitimate understanding of this condition. In this regard, some situations of life are examined, namely, the seizure of property by moving into an empty abandoned house, as well as the situation when the cohabitant (actual spouse) becomes an independent owner of the property of the owner. Using these examples, the authors show how the problems of interpreting the criterion of “good conscience” as part of acquisitive prescription investigated in the article affect the formation of ambiguous, and in some cases, illegal judicial practice.

What Is the Top Quark Mass?

This review provides an overview of the conceptual issues regarding the interpretation of so-called direct top quark mass measurements, which are based on the kinematic reconstruction of top quark decay products at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). These measurements quote the top mass parameter [Formula: see text] of Monte Carlo event generators with current uncertainties of around 0.5 GeV. The problem of finding a rigorous relation between [Formula: see text] and top mass renormalization schemes defined in field theory is unresolved to date and touches perturbative as well as nonperturbative aspects and the limitations of state-of-the-art Monte Carlo event generators. I review the status of LHC top mass measurements, illustrate how conceptual limitations enter the picture, and explain a controversy that has permeated the community in the context of the interpretation problem related to [Formula: see text]. I then summarize recent advances in acquiring first principles insights and outline what else has to be understood to fully resolve the issue. I conclude with recommendations on how to deal with the interpretation problem for the time being when making top mass–dependent theoretical predictions.

A Solution of the Interpretation Problem of Lorentz Transformations

For more than one hundred years, scientists dispute the correct interpretation of Lorentz transformations within the framework of the special theory of relativity of Albert Einstein. On the one hand, the changes in length, time and mass with increasing velocity are interpreted as apparent due to the observer dependence within special relativity. On the other hand, real changes are described corresponding to the experimental evidence of mass increase in particle accelerators or of clock delay. This ambiguity is accompanied by an ongoing controversy about valid Lorentz-transformed thermodynamic quantities such as entropy, pressure and temperature. In this paper is shown that the interpretation problem of the Lorentz transformations is genuinely anchored within the postulates of special relativity and can be solved on the basis of the thermodynamic approach of matter-energy equivalence, i.e. an energetic distinction between matter and mass. It is suggested that the velocity-dependent changes in state quantities are real in each case, in full agreement with the experimental evidence.

PERSFEKTIF SIYÂSAH SYAR’IYYAH TENTANG DARURAT NEGARA DALAM PENANGANAN PANDEMI COVID-19

Transmission of the Covid-19 epidemic is a State problem categorized in the defense aspect in the public health sector. Covid-19's handling policy as a health emergency accompanied by a civil emergency policy is considered inappropriate, with reasons for interpretation, problem context, situation, conditions and ways of handling that are completely different. The research method used is Normative-Empirical, which combines facts with legal events that have been arranged in such a way in the context of the problem under study, using the Live Case Study approach, which is a review of cases or the implementation of regulations into events that are still ongoing until now this. The handling of Covid-19 requires serious collaboration between the Government and the people, in Siyasah al-Syar'iyyah this problem can be categorized as a form of jihad. On the one hand the Government must take an appropriate decision and policy for the benefit of the community and on the one hand the community is required to show the attitude of obedience and discipline in carrying out the policies that have been set, by ruling out political primodialism, religious fanaistem and others. AbstrakPenularan wabah Covid 19 merupakan permasalahan Negara yang dikate­gori­kan pada aspek pertahanan pada bidang kesehatan masya­rakat. Kebijakan pe­na­­nganan Covid-19 sebagai keadaan darurat kese­hatan yang didampingi de­n­g­an kebijakan darurat sipil dinilai kurang tepat, dengan alasan interpretasi, kon­teks masalah, situasi, kondisi dan cara penanganan yang berbeda sama sekali. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu Normatif-Empiris, yakni meng­gabung­kan antara fakta dengan peristiwa hukum yang telah diatur sedemikian rupa dalam konteks permasalahan yang dikaji, dengan menggunakan pende­ka­tan Live Case Study, yakni penelaahan terhadap kasus atau implementasi per­atu­ran ke dalam peristiwa yang masih berjalan sampai dengan saat ini. Pena­nga­nan Covid-19 membutuhkan kerjasama yang serius antara Pemerintah ber­sama dengan rakyat, dalam Siyasah al-Syar’iyyah masa­lah ini dapat dika­tego­ri­kan se­ba­gai bentuk jihad. Pada satu sisi Peme­rintah harus mengambil sebuah ke­­pu­tusan dan kebijakan yang tepat demi kemaslahatan masyarakat dan pada satu sisi pula masya­rakat ditun­tut untuk menunjukkan sikap keta’atan dan ke­di­­­siplinan dalam men­jalanakan kebijakan yang telah ditetapkan tersebut, de­ng­an menge­sampingkan primodialisme politik, fanaistem agama dan yang lain­nya.

Interpretive Context, Counterpart Theory and Fictional Realism without Contradictions

Models for truth in fiction must be able to account for differing versions and interpretations of a given fiction in such a way that prevents contradictions from arising. I propose an analysis of truth in fiction designed to accommodate this. I examine both the interpretation of claims about truth in fiction (the ‘Interpretation Problem’) and the metaphysical nature of fictional worlds and entities (the ‘Metaphysical Problem’). My reply to the Interpretation Problem is a semantic contextualism influenced by Cameron (2012), while my reply to the Metaphysical Problem involves an extension and generalisation of the counterpart-theoretic analysis put forth by Lewis (1978). The proposed analysis considers interpretive context as a counterpart relation corresponding to a set of worlds, W, and states that a sentence φ is true in interpretive context W iff φ is true at every world (w∈W). I consider the implications of this analysis for singular terms in fiction, concluding that their extensions are the members of sets of counterparts. In the case of pre-existing singular terms in fiction, familiar properties of the corresponding actual-world entities are salient in restricting the counterpart relation. I also explore interpretations of sentences concerning multiple fictions and those concerning both fictional and actual entities. This account tolerates a plurality of interpretive approaches, avoiding contradictions.

МЕТОД ПОШУКУ РОЗВ’ЯЗАННЯ СКЛАДНОЇ ЗАДАЧІ ІНТЕРПРЕТАЦІЇ ДЛЯ РОЗВ'ЯЗАННЯ ЗВОРОТНОЇ ЗАДАЧІ З ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ СКЛАДУ ПАЛЬНОГО

The topic of the article is to develop a method of finding a solution to a complex interpretation problem to solve the inverse problem of determining the composition of the fuel. The determination of the qualitative and quantitative composition of gas is distinguished by chemical, physico-chemical and physical methods. Known advantages of physical-chemical and physical methods over chemical, namely, speed of execution, the possibility of automation of analysis, made possible their widespread dissemination. Currently, the most widely used methods are gas chromatography. The main drawbacks of these instruments are the consistent measurement of the gas components, the long analysis time. The purpose of the research is to develop a method of finding a solution to a complex interpretation problem to solve the inverse problem of determining the composition of the fuel. The scientific and practical significance of the work lies in the definition of the general type of problem, as inversely incorrectly assigned and distinguished its narrower class - a difficult task of interpretation. Methods for solving the problem of controlled combustion of gaseous fuels of variable composition and finding a solution to the inverse problem of interpretation based on the use of library data have been developed. Modeling of technological measurements with accepted errors is carried out. The research methodology is based on the solution method - NewtonRafson method, square matrix conditionality, and library method for solving the inverse problem. The modeling of the proposed methods in determining the composition of the fuel allowed for the considered substances (methane, propane, ethyl alcohol) with the measurement errors made it possible to get decisions within the model. The practical value of the study is that it is shown as the introduced errors increase the range of possible solutions. The influence of 2019 – № 39 Суднові енергетичні установки 31 measurement accuracy of technological parameters on the uncertainty of the fuel composition determination is determined.