Condensation during Flue Gas Cleaning

Nowadays, it is an operational routine to clean the flue gases from glass furnaces to remove noxious air pollutant substances. The established processes are highly effective, however there are failures caused by the condensation of aggressive fluxes inside the large and expensive flue gas filters. To this day, the process control of the flue gas purification equipment is based on empirical data and on experience. Currently available data do not allow to base process design and control on a solid thermodynamic and kinetic foundation. It is the aim of this work to find out under which conditions condensation really takes place. Therefore, first results of collected kinetic data on the condensation from the system Na2O-H2O-SO2-O2-CO2 are shown to estimate the dew points of liquid and solid condensates as a function of flue gas composition and temperature. The measurements are performed in a self-constructed condensation tube. Investigations are particularly focused on the formation of pyrosulfates and bisulfates.

Determination of Germanium, Arsenic, Tin, Selenium, and Antimony by Plasma Emission Spectrometry with Hydride Generation and Chromatographic Separation

A semiautomated hydride generation device was coupled to a microwave-induced Ar/He plasma which is used with a 0.5 m monochromator. This coupling necessitated the use of a condensation tube and a Chromosorb 102 column to separate the analyte species from hydrogen produced during the generation reaction, and also to separate the analytes from condensed contaminants which cause spectral background interference. Data reported for Ge, As, Se, Sn, and Sb are detection limits in the ppb range and linear dynamic ranges which extend to 3 orders of magnitude. Precision of results ranges from 2.9 to 8.8%. Chromatographic characteristics of the elemental hydrides on 1, 3, and 6 ft columns are also reported. This system or portions of it can be used to substantially decrease both time and quantities of reagents needed for analysis in both simultaneous and sequential experiments in either emission spectroscopy or atomic absorption spectrometry.

A Mist Chamber for the Culture of Plants or Explant Segments

Versatile mist chambers, framed with aluminum and glass and having access from top and sides, permit culture of an extensive number of, and different types of, vegetative plant organs as well as seeds and plant pathogens. Pneumatic atomizing nozzles are staggered to permit division of the chamber, and the spray emitted can be regulated from each nozzle. The amount of water vapor emitted is regulated by changing the air pressure or siphon height. Gauge-monitored pressure regulators and solenoid valves control the air and spray system. Timing devices can be used to inject water vapor at desired intervals. Air passing through a condensation tube is recycled past cone heaters, providing temperature from ambient to 90 F, and a duct and baffle system provides uniformity of temperature throughout. A combination recorder and controller maintains the desired temperature.