AN REVIEW METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (MRSA): CHARACTERIZATION, PREVALENCE AND ANTIBIOTIC REACTIONS ON HUMAN IN INDIA

Introduction: Community acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) has been increasingly examined from India(4). A network of microbiology labs (Indian Organization for Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance - INSAR) at premier medical colleges and hospitals in India was assembled with support from the World Health Organization (figure). Prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus: A study displays an alarmingly high incidence of MRSA corruption in the BHU hospital. The prevalence rate is established to be 54.8%, which is much higher than most of the results where it ranged between 20% to 32.8%.(17),(18) The only report which has given somewhat similar result i.e. 51.6% is from LN Hospital, New Delhi.(19) Further, a study from Indore has shown a grow in MRSA prevalence from 12% in 1992 to 80.89% in 1999.(20) Modes of transmission and virulence factors: Due to its capability to colonize a wide range of strains (all mammals including rodents and lagomorphs), S. aureus can easily be transmitted from one species to another; from humans to animals and reverse. Staphylococcal infections are zoonotic in nature. Antibiotic Reaction on Human: The sensitivity patterns of divided to different antibiotic discs were read by measuring the diameter of area of inhibition in millimeter as per the chart provided by manufacturer and classified as Sensitive, Intermediate and Resistant based on CLSI guidelines.(8) Keywords: Antimicrobial, Bugs, Lagomorphs, MRSA, Rodent, Sensitivity, Staphylococcus.

Antibiotic Hypersensitivity Mechanisms

Antibiotics are commonly prescribed to treat a variety of bacterial infections. As with all medications, hypersensitivity reactions may occur and clinicians should be able to recognize them accurately and recommend appropriate management. Antibiotic related hypersensitivity reactions may be one of four different types: Type I reactions, which are IgE mediated and may lead to anaphylaxis; Type II reactions that are antibody-mediated and may result in thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, or hemolytic anemia; Type III reaction that involves an immune complex formation such as vasculitis; and Type IV reactions that consist of four subtypes and typically include a rash of varying level of severity with or without systemic signs and symptoms. Herein, we describe the mechanisms of different types of allergic reactions to commonly prescribed antibiotics and offer recommendations for management. Further, we briefly refer to antibiotic reactions that mimic hypersensitivity reactions but are not immune mediated, such as pseudoallergies and serum sickness-like reactions.

THE ANTIBIOTIC ACTIVITY OF SOIL MICROORGANISMS AS RELATED TO BACTERIAL PLANT PATHOGENS

In an attempted evaluation of the importance of soil antagonisms as a possible factor in the different survival capabilities of some bacterial plant pathogens in the soil environment, a comparison was made of the numbers of antagonists detected when different plant pathogenic species were used as test organisms in determining the "antibiotic potential" of nine "virgin" soils. It was found that there are present among the soil flora a great abundance of microorganisms intrinsically capable of antagonizing most of the bacterial pathogens tested and only for a few species are such antagonists relatively rare. There were great differences in the number of isolates antagonistic to the different pathogenic species, even in the same genus, and there seemed to be a correlation between the numbers of antagonists, as found here, and the capability of a species to maintain itself for long periods in the soil. For the most part the Xanthomonas species appeared to be most sensitive to the antagonistic soil microflora while the soft-rot-causing Erwinia species were most resistant.A comparative study of the antibiotic activity of 120 of the most active antagonistic isolates tested against 28 bacterial plant pathogens showed that each antagonist was characterized by a specific antibacterial spectrum and those antagonists having the most intense antibiotic activity usually inhibited the greatest number of bacterial species. Many antagonists were highly specific, affecting only certain groups or even certain species. The high specificity which characterized some of the antibiotic reactions was used to separate sharply, consistently, and with minimum effort such closely related species as E. carotovora and E. atroseptica or X. corylina and X. juglandis.