Administrative Collaborationism in the Occupied Districts of the Kaluga Region in the 1941–1943s

On the basis of numerous journalistic and archive material, the article analyzes features characterizing the development of administrative collabora-tionism in various areas of the Kaluga region. The author, using a comparison technique, induction, classification, and synthesis, comes to a conclusion that development of collaboration formation conditions has been influenced by the nature of occupation caused by a certain territory status.At first, the invaders created the most necessary institutions of primary power for them such as chiefs and burgomasters in the cities. Later, during the development of the occupied territory, a system of district, regional and volost administration was formed.The study showed that the activities of the collaborative administration were controversial, they focused both on the direct execution of the German command’s instructions, and relatively on satisfying the requests of the civilian population if these activities did not go to the detriment of the invaders’ interests.

Executions of Fiduciaryry Guarantee Post Constitutional Court Decision No. Nomor: 18/Puu-Xvii/2019

The background that underlies the conduct of this legal research is the existence of a conflict of norms, namely in the Fiduciary Guarantee Act, direct execution can be carried out if the debtor has committed an injury (also called default), but in the Constitutional Court ruling Number: 18 / PUU-XVII / 2019 This is done immediately after the debtor is injured but requires a statement of voluntary interest from the debtor or through a judicial decision. The problem in this research is related to the essence of the execution of fiduciary guarantees, the development of the fiduciary guarantee execution arrangements before and after the Constitutional Court decision Number: 18 / PUU-XVII / 2019 the implications of the Constitutional Court decision Number: 18 / PUU-XVII / 2019 on the principles of simple, fast, and low cost. The type of research used in this research is juridical normative, using a statutory approach and a case approach, as well as primary and secondary legal materials which are analyzed by grammatical and systematic interpretation. The results of this study indicate that the essence of the execution of fiduciary guarantees is to sell fiduciary collateral as repayment of debtor's unfulfilled obligations. The creditor has the right to collect the debtor's achievements including to collect all instalments and other fees that have not been paid by the debtor, and has the right to execute the object that is used as collateral without having to return the excess price from the sale of the object. The execution of the fiduciary guarantee prior to the enactment of the Constitutional Court Decision Number 18 / PUU-XVII / 2019 is based on the Fiduciary Guarantee Certificate which contains the words "FOR JUSTICE BASED ON ONE ALMIGHTY GOD". These words indicate that the fiduciary guarantee certificate has executorial power, that is, it has the same power as a court decision which has permanent legal force. The legal implication of the enactment of the Constitutional Court Decision Number 18 / PUU-XVII / 2019 is that a trial must first be held regarding the execution of fiduciary guarantees as a condition for the execution of fiduciary.

Measures for protection of the information systems of Ukraine’s critical infrastructures against cyberattacks

The article deals with protective measures against cyberattacks of information systems of the critical infrastructures and highlights some features of the cyberattacks against the information resources of national authorities. The main objective of the article is to define the characteristics of cyberattacks and the elements of a plan to counter cyberattacks of the critical information facilities. It has been found that a professionally organized cyberattack consists of several phases related to targeting, intelligence, access to the system, direct execution of the attack, and destruction of evidence of unauthorized interference. The results show that to protect the critical infrastructure facilities from cyberattacks, developed and implemented national cybersecurity standards must be developed in Ukraine, in particular for automated control systems of critical infrastructure facilities.

Execution of Fiduciary Collateral Based on the Decision of the Constitutional Court Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019

The Constitutional Court responded to the existence of a debt collector who had been very unsettling by the Constitutional Court by issuing Decision Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019 dated January 6, 2020. Based on the request for a judicial review of Law 42/1999 submitted by husband and wife Apriliani Dewi and Suri Agung Prabowo . Apriliani is a fiduciary who experiences direct losses as a result of creditors' withdrawal of the object of fiduciary security in the form of a car. Both applicants are declared to have legal standing in submitting a request for a judicial review. The Constitutional Court granted it with Decision Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019. In this decision, the execution mechanism for the fiduciary guarantee object was changed by the Constitutional Court as long as it was not provided voluntarily by the debtor. Previously, the Fiduciary Law allowed creditors to execute the object of fiduciary collateral themselves, but now to carry out the execution, creditors must submit an application to the District Court. However, the implementation of direct execution by the creditor without going through the District Court can be done if the debtor admits that there is a default or default in his agreement with the creditor.

INTEGRATION OF BRANDI’S THEORY IN THE CONTEXT OF EASTERN RELIGIONS AND CULTURES

The Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione ed il Restauro (ISCR) has always been involved in the diffusion of Cesare Brandi’s restoration theory and practice in the international panorama.Since 1950 Brandi’s theory has spread through model interventions, scientific advice and the tutoring of international students. Those factors lead also to an increase of trust and esteem towards the ISCR.In the 21st century, the ISCR started to be involved in the establishment of new conservation schools by foreign countries. Moreover, it promoted translations of the “Teoria del Restauro” (theory of conservation) book in English, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Greek, Serbian, Russian, Chinese, Japanese and Polish. This permitted a deepened understanding and integration in the local culture of Brandi’s theory, rather than the direct execution of the fifties.For those reasons, today the Italian conservator-restorers face the new opportunity and growing perspective: looking at Brandi’s theory in direct contact with the cultural context in which is being applied, through the dialogue with local, highly trained professionals.The importance of this dialogue has become particularly evident during collaborations with eastern countries, with a particular interest in which part of the theory can merge and which will diverge with the religious and cultural principles. Especially, the experience of the ISCR in Ajanta in India (2004-2018) and Kathmandu in Nepal (after the 2013 earthquake) will be discussed.

Grosse Executorial Strength What Is Recognition of Debt in Practice (Study in Class 1A of Mataram District Court)

The purpose of this study was to analyze the strength of executorial Grosse Debt Recognition Deed in practice in the Class 1A of Mataram District Court. The research method used is empirical normative research. First, based on the results of the research that the Strength of Grosse's Debt Recognition Act in Debt Payment Implementation has a strength that is undoubtedly very strong because it can immediately be submitted for execution without going through a lawsuit in court, which is due to an executive power in the Grosse deed the acknowledgment of Debt in the head of the Deed is that there is an order for justice based on the One and only God made by the Second Notary, Grosse deed of debt recognition can be carried out directly without going through a claim process in court, bearing in mind the Grosse deed of debt recognition provided the head of the office reads for the sake of justice based on the supreme divinity, so that with the power contained in the debt recognition deed, direct execution can be carried out by the creditor to the court if the debtor defaults, without going through the claim process in court. Third, there are several relationships in the execution of Grosse's deed. Debt recognition, for example, the community's knowledge of the gross debt recognition deed. The second, sometimes the notary in making debt recognition Grosse statements does not pay attention to material and formal requirements from the Grosse deed itself.

PROTECTION OF CREDITORS IN THE EXECUTION FIDUCIARY GUARANTEE KENDARAAN MOTOR CREDIT

ABSTRACTFiduciary security is legal security over on moving objects both tangible and intangible, and building or a house on the land belong to someone else, either registered or not, which cannot be burdened with mortgage rights that keep in control of the fiduciary as collateral of debt repayment. If debtor as Fiduciary giver to be insolvent, so the creditor is entitled to have the fiduciary mentioned. For repayment of the debtor and the creditor in this case is called the right separatists. There are many direct execution in banking practice about the object credit that are not perfect bound of guarantees or not through the insurance agency. Execution is doing by creditors, which debtor accompanied or not, or the object credit guarantees owner. Execution is done by regular sales or through creditor takeover. Protection of creditors interest doing by giving legal aspects of registration precedes rights while providing executorial title for the fiduciary receivers benefit, on the other hand, the registration arrangements for certain objects that are not listed cause haziness opportunities of law implementation if it isnot done by carefully and clearly. To protect creditors interests, at the time of the debtor defaults, so that creditors as apreferential rights receiver in debt collection and as legal evidence, so warehouse receipts guarantee that the debtor should be given the imposition of bail.Key: Execution, Fiduciary, Creditors, Debtors