Study on CHADL as a candidate gene for comb growth traits in Partridge Shank roosters

The comb is an important secondary sexual characteristic and comb growth traits, such as size and color of the comb, are widely used as indicators in chicken breeding programs. However, the genetic basis for these traits remains mostly unknown. It was found that the chondroadherin-like (CHADL) gene was up-regulated in large combs and was located in reported comb growth quantitative trait loci. In this study, tissue-specific expressions, expression patterns in combs of different ages, and CHADL polymorphisms were analyzed to investigate the relationship between this gene and comb growth traits of Partridge Shank roosters. The results showed that CHADL was more highly expressed in combs than in 10 other tissues, and its expressions in combs tended to gradually increase from the 5-wk-old mark to the 26-wk-old mark. The single-nucleotide polymorphism rs316423539 in the CHADL gene was significantly associated with the comb area and height, whereas rs14822286 was highly correlated with the comb color. Moreover, H1H5, H1H6, and H3H6 were the most advantageous genotype combinations for comb growth traits. Our results might help understand the molecular mechanism of comb growth traits and improve these traits directly by marker assistant selections.

ANALISIS MORFOMETRIK DAN POLA PERTUMBUHAN IKAN JUARO (Pangasius polyuranodon) DI PERAIRAN SUNGAI KAMPAR DAN SUNGAI SIAK PROVINSI RIAU

Pangasius polyuranodon commonly inhabit rivers in Riau such as Kampar and Siak Rivers. Evironmental condition of those rivers, however, are different. The Siak River has bad water quality, while that of the Kampar River is better and thus affects the morphological characteristic of the fish in general. To understand the morphological charateristic of fish from both rivers, a study has been conducted in March – June 2019. Fish was sampling once and they were analyzed in the laboratory. Results shown that general characteristics of the fish from both sampling areas are similar. The length-weight relationship, however, shoun that fish from the Siak River was smaller than that of the Kampar River. There was 170 – 360 mm TL, 41 – 474 gr BW and b value was 3,00 (isometric) for the fish of the Kampar River and there was 160 - 290 mm TL, 23 – 100 gr BW and b value was 1,83 (negative allometric). Secondary sexual characteristic of the fish from the Kampar River occured at around 250 mm TL, while that of the Siak River was 190 mm TL. Based on data obtained it can be concluded fish from the Kampar River growing faster than fish from the Siak River.

Roles of gonad-inhibiting hormone in the protandric simultaneous hermaphrodite peppermint shrimp†

To date, the molecular mechanisms of the unique gonadal development mode known as protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism (PSH) are unclear in crustaceans. In this study, cDNA of a gonad-inhibiting hormone (Lv-GIH1) was isolated from the PSH peppermint shrimp Lysmata vittata, and its expression was exclusively found in the eyestalk ganglion. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed that the expression of Lv-GIH1 increased during gonadal development of the functional male stages but decreased significantly at subsequent simultaneous hermaphroditism stage. Further in vitro experiment showed that recombinant GIH1 protein (rGIH1) effectively inhibited Vg expression in the cultured hepatopancreas tissues while the short-term injection of GIH1-dsRNA resulted in reduced expression of Lv-GIH1 and upregulated expression of Vg in the hepatopancreas. Moreover, long-term rGIH1 injection led to significantly reduced expression of Lv-Vg, Lv-VgR, and Lv-CFSH1, subdued growth of oocytes, and feathery setae as a secondary sexual characteristic in females. Interestingly, while germ cells in testicular part were suppressed by rGIH1 injection, the expression of Lv-IAGs showed no significant difference; and long-term GIH1-dsRNA injection results were contrary to those of rGIH1 injection. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that Lv-GIH1 is involved in gonadal development and might also participate in controlling secondary sexual characteristic development in L. vittata by inhibiting Lv-CFSH1 expression.

Association of puberty timing with Type 2 diabetes: Systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVEWe aimed to systematically review published evidence on the association between puberty timing and Type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (T2D/IGT), with and without adjustment for adiposity, and to estimate its potential contribution to the burden of T2D.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSWe searched PubMed, Medline and Embase databases for publications until February 2019 on the timing of any secondary sexual characteristic in boys or girls in relation to T2D/IGT. Inverse-weighted random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool reported estimates and meta-regression to explore sources of heterogeneity.RESULTSTwenty eight observational studies were identified. All assessed age at menarche (AAM) in women (combined N=1,228,306); only one study additionally included men. In models without adjustment for adult adiposity, T2D/IGT risk was higher per year earlier AAM (relative risk (RR)=0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.89-0.93, 11 estimates, n=833,529, I2=85.4%) and for early versus later menarche (RR=1.41, 95% CI=1.28-1.55, 23 estimates, n=1,185,444, I2=87.8%). Associations were weaker but still evident in models adjusted for adiposity (AAM: RR=0.97 per year, 95% CI=0.95-0.98, 12 estimates, n=852,268, I2=51.8%; early menarche: RR=1.19, 95% CI=1.11-1.28, 21 estimates, n=890,583, I2=68.1%). Associations were stronger among Caucasians than Asians, and in populations with earlier average AAM. The estimated population attributable risk of T2D in UK Caucasians due to early menarche, unadjusted and adjusted for adiposity, was 12.6% (95% CI=11.0-14.3) and 5.1% (95% CI=3.6-6.7), respectively.CONCLUSIONSA substantial proportion of T2D in women is attributable to early menarche timing. This will increase in light of global secular trends towards earlier puberty timing.

Primary amenorrhoea secondary to two different syndromes: a case study

Turner syndrome is a relatively common chromosomal abnormality presenting as primary amenorrhoea in gynaecological and endocrine clinics, caused by complete or partial X monosomy in some or all cells. Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome is another common cause of primary amenorrhoea characterised by Mullerian agenesis of varying degrees. We report a case of an 18-year-old girl, who presented with primary amenorrhoea, absence of secondary sexual characteristics and short stature. Hormonal profile confirms hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism. Karyotyping was consistent with Turner syndrome (45,XO). In addition, radiological imaging of the pelvis showed the absence of both ovaries as well as the uterus, cervix and vagina. This patient had therefore presented with two different syndromes as the cause of her primary amenorrhoea, which is extremely rare in a single patient. Moreover, oestrogen replacement therapy will trigger the development of secondary sexual characteristic and promote bone growth, but induction of menstruation and fertility is impossible.

Hens (Gallus gallus domesticus) with larger spurs have higher faecal testosterone levels; evidence of female to male - like phenotype

Spurs are a testosterone-dependent secondary sexual characteristic of male chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) and are used as ‘weapons’ in intra-sexual fighting. While predominantly a male feature, they are also found in a small number of females. Here we show that faecal testosterone metabolites of adult hens (i.e. females) with large spurs are significantly greater than those of females with smaller spurs. The presence of spurs in hens together with elevated testosterone levels are indicative of a masculinisation process that may increase with age. This is of particular interest in the study of female to male sex-reversal in fowl.

Hens (Gallus gallus domesticus) with larger spurs have higher faecal testosterone levels; evidence of female to male - like phenotype

Spurs are a testosterone-dependent secondary sexual characteristic of male chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) and are used as ‘weapons’ in intra-sexual fighting. While predominantly a male feature, they are also found in a small number of females. Here we show that faecal testosterone metabolites of adult hens (i.e. females) with large spurs are significantly greater than those of females with smaller spurs. The presence of spurs in hens together with elevated testosterone levels are indicative of a masculinisation process that may increase with age. This is of particular interest in the study of female to male sex-reversal in fowl.

A 17 year old girl with gradual swelling of lower abdomen

<p><span>This article has no abstract. The first 100 words appear below:</span></p><p>A 17 year old girl presented at the outpatient department with the history of gradual swelling of lower abdomen, early onset of menstruation (precocious puberty) at the age of 7 years followed by secondary amenorrhea for 10 years, growth retardation and breast atrophy. She also complained that her secondary sexual characteristic did not develop. She had no family history of growth retardation or precocious puberty. Her breast showed infantile growth. She had no history of fever, abdominal pain, alteration of bowel habit, weight loss, or loss of appetite. On examination, she was afebrile and vitally stable.</p>