Free to choose: Mutualist Motives for Partner Choice, Proportional Division, Punishment, and Help

Mutualism – the disposition to cooperate in ways that benefit both actor and recipient – has been proposed as a key construct in the evolution of cooperation, with distinct adaptations for 1) partner choice, 2) division, 3) punishment, and 4) helping. However, no psychological measure or validation of this psychological structure exists. To fill this need, in two pre-registered studies (total N = 902), we: (A) Develop and administer items assessing each of the four mutualist adaptations; (B) Show good fit to the predicted four factor model; (C) Demonstrate reliability and stability across time; (D) Evidence discriminant validity from existing constructs, including compassion and utilitarianism; (E) Establish external validity by predicting proportional choices in catch division, opposition to partner coercion, and reduced support for redistribution; and (F) Replicate each of these findings. Jointly, these results support the validity of mutualism, including a motive to maintain the freedom to choose, and provide reliable scales for use in integrating, further developing, and applying mutualism.

Effects of Physical Training on Physical and Psychological Parameters in Individuals with Patella Tendon Myopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The effectiveness of physical training on physical and psychological parameters in individuals with patella tendon myopathy has not been investigated in a systematic review and meta-analysis. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of physical exercise interventions for measures of physical and psychological performance in subjects with patella tendon myopathy. A computerised systematic literature search was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, Medline, and Web of Science from January 1960 to July 2020. Initially, 506 articles were identified for review of which eleven articles met the inclusion criteria. Our results revealed a small effect (weighted mean standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.12; nine studies) of physical training on the psychological measure Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment–Patellar tendon scale and a medium effect (weighted mean SMD = 0.61; five studies) on the psychological measure visual analogue scale—both in favour of the intervention group. In contrast, a small effect (weighted mean SMD = −0.05; two studies) in favour of the control group was detected for the physical measure muscle power. Compared to the control condition, physical training seems to be an effective means to improve psychological but not physical parameters in individuals with patella tendon myopathy; although conclusions on the latter could have been biased by the small amount of eligible studies (n = 2). In addition, the predetermined cut-off value of ≥6 for the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale score (i.e., assessment of methodological quality) was only achieved by six out of eleven studies. Thus, further research of high methodological quality is needed to verify whether there is or is not an effect of physical training on physical parameters in persons with patella tendon myopathy.

Initial Development and Validation of the Likelihood to Physically Abuse Scale in an American Male Sample

In two studies, a psychological measure that predicts the likelihood of a male partner to physically abuse a female intimate partner—the Likelihood to Physically Abuse (LPA) scale—was developed. The LPA scale’s internal reliability and validity were tested in Study I (N = 183). In Study II, 299 men were administered the LPA scale online along with validated measures related to intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration to further test the internal reliability of the LPA scale and test its construct and external validity. Overall, the results from both studies showed excellent internal reliability (α ≥ 90) and support for the LPA scale’s validity with all but one measure showing moderate (r ≥ .30) to strong correlational relationships (r ≥ .50).

Student subjective economic well-being

Introduction. The article deals with the phenomenon of subjective economic well-being as a multidimensional socio-psychological formation. The authors analyze its role in economic, social and political changes and reforms in Ukraine as well as its impact on students' life, mood and well-being. The aim of the study. To describe the content and structure of student subjective economic well-being. Research methods. The study was conducted using the V. O. Hashchenko "Subjective Economic Well-being" questionnaire. Results. Assessment of the level of student economic activity using the indicators of subjective economic well-being (SEW) showed the normal distribution of its partial and integral indicators. The predictors of the subjective economic well-being index were all partial indicators in the whole sample and in groups with low, below average, and above average values. The group with a high level of subjective economic well-being (three out of five indicators) had stable and qualitative homogeneity of the regression system. The analysis of relationships showed that economic anxiety was a system-forming indicator, which, in the relationships system, had different subjective meanings and was perceived differently, thus actualizing and blocking economic activity. Conclusions. The SEW index is a socio-psychological measure, which characterizes subjective economic activity and reflects the degree and qualitative originality of subjective economic activity because of the SEW index's integration of the cognitive and affective components. The authors analyzed the manifestations and structural and functional organization of the partial components, which belonged to the cognitive and affective components of subjective economic activity.

Confidence Intervals on Implicit Association Test Scores Are Really Rather Large

Implicit association test scores are presented as point estimates. Unusually for a psychological measure, individual scores are not tested for statistical significance in standard practice. This study estimates individual confidence intervals for a large dataset of IAT scores. The intervals are large. Only half of scores are significantly different from zero. This result raises theoretical concerns about standard interpretations of the IAT.

ISLAMIC RELIGIOSITY TOWARD ACADEMIC FRAUD STUDENT OF UIN RADEN FATAH PALEMBANG

The goal of this research is to discover the relations between Islamic religiosity toward academic fraud of student of UIN Raden Fatah Palembang. The research is quantitative research. Subjects of the research are 204 students of UIN Raden Fatah Palembang. The hypothesis in this research there is a relationship between islamic religiosity towards academic fraud. Data collection uses 2 measurements,namely 1) Islamic religiosity using Psychological Measure of Islamic Religiousness (PMIR) scale; 2) Academic fraud using self reporting cheating scale (SRCS). Prerequisite test using Goodness of Fit Overall showing that from 5 criterias show good model. Analysis results by using SEM from 8 religiosity dimensions, 7 dimensions not proven so that there is no significant relationship between islamic religiosity towards academic fraud. One dimension significantly proven is dimension of religious anxiety.

Brazilian Portuguese version of financial risk-taking and tolerance scales: validity evidence within and between measures

Objectives To construct and validate a psychological measure called the Financial Risk-Taking Scale (FRTakS) and to translate, adapt, and validate a psychological measure called the Financial Risk Tolerance Scale (FRTolS) with a Brazilian sample. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to assess evidence of the validity of the scales’ internal structures. We also tested the convergent validity between FRTakS and FRTolS. Method After construction (FRTakS) and adaption (FRTolS), the instruments were evaluated by expert judges for the relevance of their items to the scales, followed by pretesting. A cross-sectional study was then conducted using a convenience sample of 834 people who responded to invitations sent to a mailing list or to an online invitation on the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission website (Comissão de Valores Mobiliários [CVM]). Results Mean age of participants was 39.27 years (standard deviation [SD] = 10.82), they had high educational level (60.9% post-graduate), were married or living together (60%), and their spending power was 41.36 (SD = 13.27). Exploratory and confirmatory analysis identified two factors in FRTakS (Investment and Spending Money), both with 4 items; and identified a single factor in FRTolS, comprising 7 items. Conclusion Reliability indexes for the goodness of fit of the factor structure were satisfactory. There was a positive and significant correlation between the FRTakS Investment factor and FRTolS, confirming convergent validity. The results suggest the existence of a two-dimensional factor structure for FRTakS, and a one-dimensional factor structure for FRTolS. The instruments also exhibited convergent validity with each other.

A psycho-philosophical view on the ‘conceptualisation’ of psychological measure development

Orientation: When researchers’ understanding and application of ‘conceptualisation’ can allude to nearly anything, it loses its philosophical purpose and stature. Negating the philosophical meaning of the term ‘conceptualisation’, because it appears obvious, will result in research inquiries becoming ambiguous and ideologically diminished. Paradigms and theoretical frameworks are rooted in philosophical principles, yet researchers often ‘conceptualise’ and conduct inquiries without understanding the foundation of their applied scientific methods.Research purpose: The historicity of psychological measurement development depicts a fusion of transdisciplinary knowledge systems and the stature of scientific methods is comprehensive. Yet the philosophical lenses through which researchers ‘conceptualise’ their measure to understand psychological behaviour are not as clear.Motivation for the study: Contemporary psychometric literature postulates the ‘conceptualisation phase’ as a mere point of departure to develop a psychological measure, whereas philosophical literature depicts ‘conceptualisation’ as the mainstay of any research inquiry.Research approach/design and method: A qualitative design was used with the conceptual analysis of terminology as approach. Textual or typographical psychometric and psychological literature was purposively sampled and inductively and deductively analysed, using the philosophical framework of Van der Walt and Potgieter.Main findings: The definition of the ‘conceptualisation phase’ is principally characterised as the scientific method to measure the scientific reality, while the integral human component, represented by the measure developer, is overlooked.Practical/managerial implications: Insights derived can enthuse future dialogues on the purpose and importance of the conceptualisation phase in the development of psychological measures.Contribution/value-add: A potential delineation of what the ‘conceptualisation phase’ should encapsulate is proposed.