Characterization of Indonesia Decellularized Liver Cubes Scaffold using Scanning Electron Microscopy

Liver biological scaffold was developed in order to resemble native liver tissue environment. It can be achieved by decellularizing native liver tissue that will remove cells and preserve extracellular matrix (ECM). Furthermore, ECM fibers are arranged in a special pattern, which affect liver cell polarity and topography that are important for cells’ implantation, proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate liver cube scaffold topography that was decellularized with fixed multiple sites syringe injection (Indonesia patent number: S00201907930).Rat liver cubes (n=3) underwent decellularization with Ethylene Glycol Tetraacetic Acid (EGTA) immersion and increased Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) concentrations using previous multiple sites syringe injection protocol study. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) concentrations were measured to confirm less DNA materials remaining in scaffolds. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis of scaffolds were conducted for topographic characterization compared to undecellularized liver control. Molecular analysis of DNA concentration showed complete removal of DNA material. SEM analysis gave appearance of intact liver cube scaffold microarchitecture. Liver cubes decellularization using multiple sites syringe injection showed good topographic liver scaffold characterization.

Clustering and Erratic Movement Patterns of Syringe-Injected versus Mosquito-Inoculated Malaria Sporozoites Underlie Decreased Infectivity

ABSTRACT Malaria vaccine candidates based on live, attenuated sporozoites have led to high levels of protection. However, their efficacy critically depends on the sporozoites’ ability to reach and infect the host liver. Administration via mosquito inoculation is by far the most potent method for inducing immunity but highly impractical. Here, we observed that intradermal syringe-injected Plasmodium berghei sporozoites (syrSPZ) were 3-fold less efficient in migrating to and infecting mouse liver than mosquito-inoculated sporozoites (msqSPZ). This was related to a clustered dermal distribution (2-fold-decreased median distance between syrSPZ and msqSPZ) and, more importantly, a 1.4-fold (significantly)-slower and more erratic movement pattern. These erratic movement patterns were likely caused by alteration of dermal tissue morphology (>15-μm intercellular gaps) due to injection of fluid and may critically decrease sporozoite infectivity. These results suggest that novel microvolume-based administration technologies hold promise for replicating the success of mosquito-inoculated live, attenuated sporozoite vaccines. IMPORTANCE Malaria still causes a major burden on global health and the economy. The efficacy of live, attenuated malaria sporozoites as vaccine candidates critically depends on their ability to migrate to and infect the host liver. This work sheds light on the effect of different administration routes on sporozoite migration. We show that the delivery of sporozoites via mosquito inoculation is more efficient than syringe injection; however, this route of administration is highly impractical for vaccine purposes. Using confocal microscopy and automated imaging software, we demonstrate that syringe-injected sporozoites do cluster, move more slowly, and display more erratic movement due to alterations in tissue morphology. These findings indicate that microneedle-based engineering solutions hold promise for replicating the success of mosquito-inoculated live, attenuated sporozoite vaccines.

Bulk flow of cerebrospinal fluid observed in periarterial spaces is not an artifact of injection

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flowing through periarterial spaces is integral to the brain’s mechanism for clearing metabolic waste products. Experiments that track tracer particles injected into the cisterna magna (CM) of mouse brains have shown evidence of pulsatile CSF flow in perivascular spaces surrounding pial arteries, with a bulk flow in the same direction as blood flow. However, the driving mechanism remains elusive. Several studies have suggested that the bulk flow might be an artifact, driven by the injection itself. Here, we address this hypothesis with new in vivo experiments where tracer particles are injected into the CM using a dual-syringe system, with simultaneous injection and withdrawal of equal amounts of fluid. This method produces no net increase in CSF volume and no significant increase in intracranial pressure. Yet, particle-tracking reveals flows that are consistent in all respects with the flows observed in earlier experiments with single-syringe injection.

Bulk flow of cerebrospinal fluid observed in periarterial spaces is not an artifact of injection

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flowing through periarterial spaces is integral to the brain’s mechanism for clearing metabolic waste products. Experiments that track tracer particles injected into the cisterna magna of mouse brains have shown evidence of pulsatile CSF flow in pial periarterial spaces, with a bulk flow in the same direction as blood flow. However, the driving mechanism remains elusive. Several studies have suggested that the bulk flow might be an artifact, driven by the injection itself. Here, we address this hypothesis with new in vivo experiments where tracer particles are injected into the cisterna magna using a dual-syringe system, with simultaneous injection and withdrawal of equal amounts of fluid. This method produces no net increase in CSF volume and no significant increase in intracranial pressure. Yet, particle-tracking reveals flows in the pial periarterial spaces that are completely consistent with the flows observed in earlier experiments with single-syringe injection.

Qualitative survey-based evaluation of operability and convenience for the etanercept biosimilar YLB113 in a unique injection pen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Study objective: Needle fear is common among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who require subcutaneous (SC) injections. The convenience, usability and safety of the etanercept biosimilar YLB113 in an injection pen were evaluated among patients who switched from syringe injection. Methods: Patients with RA who had completed the phase III clinical study of YLB113 in a pre-filled syringe (YLB113-002) were enrolled (n = 35) and received once-weekly SC injections with the injection pen (YLB113 50 mg) for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, patients completed a qualitative survey evaluating the form and design of the pen, its operability, and patient preference for pen or syringe. Adverse events were evaluated throughout the study. Results: Most patients reported the pen was ‘very easy to grasp’ or ‘easy to grasp.’ The pen was also reported to be easy to operate. The click signalling the start and end of the injection could be heard ‘very well’ or ‘well’. Similarly, the injection solution check window could be seen by most patients. About three-quarters of respondents preferred the pen over a syringe. The pen was considered easier to use for the following reasons: the body is easy to grasp; the procedure is easy to understand; and the procedure can be performed without anxiety, fear, or tenseness. Conclusions: The majority of these Japanese subjects with RA in the study judged the YLB113 50 mg delivered by injection pen to be easy to use, convenient and well tolerated

Treatment of paraarticular tissue pathology with perifocal combination injections

Introduction: the article describes the most common variants of paraarticular tissue pathology (PTP) - enthesitis of the upper and lower extremities, back. The issues of enthesitis etiology, pathogenesis, clinic presentation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis are considered. The historical background, technique and mechanism of action of perifocal syringe injections are presented.Objective of the study: evaluate the clinical efficacy of perifocal syringe injection of Alflutop in patients with enthesitis of the upper and lower extremities and back.Materials and methods of the study:76 patients with shoulder joint enthesitis (30 patients), epicondylitis (10), back pain (14), trochanteritis (13), anseritis of the knee joints (9) received treatment with perifocal injections of Alflutop as a course of 5 injections with an interval of 1 injection every 2 -3 days. We evaluated general well-being, local pain at rest, during palpation and movement, range of motion. The diagnosis was established clinically, and using the results of x-ray examination, ultrasound, MRI.The results of treatment: significant outcomes in patients, which included improved well-being, reduced pain, increased range of motion. 69 of 76 patients demonstrated significant improvement and improvement - the effectiveness of therapy was 90.8% with high tolerability of the drug.

The Link Between HIV Knowledge and Prophylaxis to Health Professionals

BACKGROUND: Healthcare workers have a high risk of professional exposure, especially in developing countries. AIM: This paper aims to determine whether there is a link between knowledge and HIV prophylaxis on HIV prevention in Albanian healthcare system employees. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was attended by professionals of the Albanian health care system who also attended second cycle studies at the Faculty of Medical Sciences (FMS) at the University of Medicine, Tirana. The study was conducted through a standard questionnaire with 24 questions, previously created by the Vojvodina Institute of Public Health in Serbia. RESULTS: A group of 219 respondents participated in the study, of which 83.3% were women and 16.7% males. The risk of HIV transmission from syringe injection is > 75%, for 55.9% of the respondents. This result is statistically significant compared to other categories (p < 0.01). There is an increase in awareness of the use of gloves before manipulation and use of syringes, with increased work experience (p = 0.01). The use of specific containers for the elimination of syringes after manipulation is a more common practice by the most experienced professionals at work and results in a significant change (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: This study showed that there is not enough information from health professionals about potentially infectious fluids for HIV transmission. Younger professionals are less informed about HIV transmission and prophylaxis. These data indicate that there is a need for deepening of university curricula about the risks and exposure to biologically infectious fluids.