ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA HORMONE 17α - METHYLTESTOSTERONE BỔ SUNG VÀO THỨC ĂN LÊN TĂNG TRƯỞNG, CHIỀU DÀI CÁC VÂY, TỶ LỆ SỐNG VÀ TỶ LỆ ĐỰC HÓA CỦA CÁ LIA THIA (Betta splendens Regan, 1910)

Cá lia thia hay cá xiêm đá (Betta splendens) là một loài cá cảnh nước ngọt đặc trưng được nuôi làm cảnh hoặc giải trí thông qua hình thức chọi cá. Nghiên cứu này nhằm tìm ra liều lượng hormone 17α - Methyltestosterone (17α - MT) thích hợp bổ sung vào thức ăn để nâng cao tỷ lệ đực của cá lia thia. Cá bột sau khi hết noãn hoàng cho ăn thức ăn có bổ sung hormone 17α - MT liên tục trong 21 ngày với liều lượng 0, 20, 40 và 60 mg 17α - MT/kg thức ăn, tương ứng với nghiệm thức NT1, NT2, NT3 và NT4. Cá giống được nuôi tiếp tục đến 60 ngày tuổi để xác định tăng trưởng, tỷ lệ sống và tỷ lệ chuyển giới tính trên cá. Kết quả cho thấy tăng trưởng và tỷ lệ sống thì khác biệt không có ý nghĩa thống kê giữa các nghiệm thức (p>0,05). Tỷ lệ đực và chiều dài các vây ở NT3 cao hơn có ý nghĩa thống kê so với NT1 và NT2 (p<0,05), tuy nhiên khác biệt không có ý nghĩa thống kê so với NT4 (p>0,05). Nghiệm thức NT3 đạt tỷ lệ đực hóa (93,8%), hiệu suất đực hóa (84,6%) cao nhất và khác biệt có ý nghĩa thống kê giữa các nghiệm thức (p<0,05). Nghiên cứu này cho thấy bổ sung hormone 17α - MT vào thức ăn với liều lượng 40 mg 17α - MT/kg sẽ làm tăng tỷ lệ cá lia thia đực. ABSTRACT Lia thia fish commonly called the Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) is a specific freshwater aquarium fish, which raising as pet or for entertainment through fish fighting. This study aimed to find out the appropriate dosage of 17α - Methyltestosterone (17α - MT) hormone supplemented into feed to enhance masculinization rate of Siamese fighting fish. Frys after completing yolk digestion were fed with 17α - MT supplemented feed continuously for 21 days at dose of 0, 20, 40 and 60 mg 17α - MT per kg of feed, respectively treatment of NT1, NT2, NT3 and NT4. Fingerlings were kept being grown for up to 60 days of age to determine the growth, survival and transsexual rates on fish. The results showed that growth and survival rates of fish were not significantly different among treatments (p>0.05). Male rate and the fin lengths of fish in treatment of NT3 were statistically higher than those treatment of NT1 and NT2 (p<0.05); however, there were not significant difference compared to treatment of NT4 (p>0.05). Masculinization rate (93,8%) and masculinizing efficiency (84,6%) in treatment of NT3 were highest and there was statistically significant difference among the treatments (p<0.05). This research showed that supplement of 17α - MT into the feed at a dose of 40 mg 17α - MT per kg of feed increased the rate of male Siamese fighting fish.

CẢI TIẾN VIỆC ĐỰC HÓA CÁ XIÊM (Betta splendens Regan, 1910) BẰNG CÁCH NGÂM TRONG 17α-METHYLTESTOSTERONE

Cá xiêm (Betta splendens) 1 ngày tuổi được đực hóa bằng cách ngâm trong túi polyethylene chứa 17α-methyltestosterone (17α-MT) ở các nồng độ 2,5; 5,0 và 7,5 mg/L có bơm oxy (thể tích oxy: thể tích nước bằng 2:1), mật độ 150 con/L trong 4 giờ. Kết quả cho thấy, tỷ lệ đực và đực hóa tăng khi tăng nồng độ hormone, với nồng độ 2,5 mg 17α-MT/L cá đạt tỷ lệ đực, tỷ lệ đực hóa là 88,89% và 78,26%. Nồng độ 5,0 mg 17α-MT/L và nồng độ 7,5 mg 17α-MT/L đạt tỷ lệ đực, tỷ lệ đực hóa là 100%. Khác biệt không có ý nghĩa (p>0,05) về tăng trưởng chiều dài và khối lượng của cá xiêm. Tỷ lệ sống 60 ngày sau khi nở là 54 - 89,89%, tỷ lệ sống giảm khi tăng nồng độ hormone 17α-MT trong nước ngâm. Kết quả cho thấy, nồng độ 2,5 mg 17α-MT/L là liều tối ưu để áp dụng chuyển đổi cá xiêm đực. Nồng độ 2,5 mg 17α-MT/L cá đạt tỷ lệ sống, hiệu suất đực hóa cao nhất là (86,22%, 76,81%). Với nhiều ưu điểm như đơn giản, chi phí thấp và có thể áp dụng ở mọi nơi nên có thể sản xuất cá xiêm đực bằng cách áp dụng phương pháp ngâm cá trong hormone 17α-MT với nồng độ 2,5 mg/L để đạt hiệu quả kinh tế tối ưu cho người nuôi. ABSTRACT The siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) at one day old were masculinized by immersion in a polyethylene bag containing 17α-methyltestosterone (17α-MT) at concentrations of 2,5; 5,0 and 7,5 mg/L with oxygen pump (volume oxygen: water volume is equal to 2:1), density is 150 fish/L in 4 hours. The results showed that the male and masculinization ratios increased when the hormone concentration was increased, with a concentration of 2,5 mg 17α-MT/L, the male rate and masculinisation rate was 88,89%, and 78,26% respectively. Concentration of 5,0 mg 17α-M/L and concentration of 7,5 mg 17α-MT/L reached the male rate, the masculinization rate was 100%. The difference was not significant (p>0,05) in terms of length and weight growth of siamese fighting fish. The survival rate of 60 days after hatching was 54 - 89,89%, the survival rate decreases when the concentration of 17α-MT hormone in immersion water increases. The results showed that, concentration of 2,5 mg 17α-M/L was the optimal dose for converting male siamese fighting fish. Concentration of 2,5 mg 17α-MT/L, fish achieved the highest survival rate, masculinization efficiency respectively rate (86,22%, 76,81%). With many advantages such as simplicity, low cost and applicability everywhere, it is possible to produce male siamese fighting fish by applying the method of immersion fish in the hormone 17α-MT with a concentration of 2,5 mg/L to achieve efficiency economic efficiency optimal for farmers.

Clinical Outcome of Drug-Eluted Stenting (Zilver PTX) in Patients With Femoropopliteal Occlusive Disease a Single Center Experience

Background: Few industry sponsored trials reported satisfactory outcomes in the use of drug-eluting stents (DES) for treatment of femoropopliteal arterial disease. This study analyzed the early/late clinical outcome from a real world single center. Patient Populations/Methods: A total of 115 limbs treated with Zilver PTX were analyzed for: major adverse limb event (MALE: above ankle limb amputation/major intervention at 1 year), major adverse events (MAEs; death, amputation, and target lesion thrombosis/reintervention), primary patency (based on duplex ultrasound ± ankle brachial indexes), limb salvage, and amputation free survival rates (AFS) at 1 and 2 years. Results: Indications included claudication in 32% and critical limb threatening ischemia (CLTI) in 68%. Lesions treated included: superficial femoral artery (SFA) 66%, both SFA and popliteal artery (PA) 19% and PA 15%. Mean lesion length was 21 cm and 68% had total occlusion. 45% were Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) TASC II D lesions and 55% A–C lesions. Mean follow-up was 18.4 months (1–76 months). Perioperative major morbidity rate was 8.7% with 0% mortality. MALE rate at 1 year was 17% (13.5% for claudication vs 19.2% for CLTI, p=0.4499). MAE rate was 30% for claudication versus 52% for CLTI (p=0.0392). Overall primary patency rates at 1 and 2 years were 75% and 54% (86% and 71% for claudication vs 70% and 46% for CLTI, respectively, p=0.0213). Primary patency rates at 1 and 2 years were 94% and 88% for TASC A-C lesions versus 50% and 16% for TASC D lesions (p<0.0001). Overall freedom from MALE rate at 1 and 2 years were 85% and 79% (86% and 86% for claudication vs 84% and 74% for CLTI, p=0.2391). These rates were 96% and 93% for TASC A-C lesions versus 70% and 50% for D lesions, respectively (p<0.0001). Limb salvage rates at 1 and 2 years were 93% and 86% (100% and 100% for claudication vs 89% and 78% for CLTI, p=0.012). Overall AFS rates at 1 and 2 years were 79% and 71% (93% and 82% for TASC A–C vs 59% and 59% for D lesions, p=0.001). Conclusion: Clinical outcomes after DES (Zilver PTX) in femoropopliteal arterial lesions were satisfactory for TASC A–C lesions but inferior/unsatisfactory for TASC D lesions.

Proportion of male and female professionals in neurosurgery

Introduction: The specialty of neurosurgery over time has become increasingly sought after. Even with the gradual increase in women specialists in neurosurgery, they are still represented by a very small number in comparison to the number of male neurosurgeons. Objectives: Present the gender gap within neurosurgery. Methods: This is a systematic literature review, with the search terms: “gender” AND “women” AND “Neurology” AND “Neurosurgery”, resulting in 645 articles on the Pubmed, Lilacs, Scielo, Cochrane and TripDataBase search platforms. The inclusion criteria were: original studies published in any language. Published articles that prevented full access, as well as systematic reviews or not, were excluded. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 6 articles were included. Results: The databases of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) and American Board of Neurological Surgery (ABNS) revealed that women represent only 12.0% of residents in neurosurgery. Most of them left training in the first 3 years and remained in Medicine, looking for other specialties. In addition, the female conflict rate with the team was 17.0% compared to a 5.3% male rate. The low number of women in neurosurgical residency programs can result in a consequent decrease in female tutors, lack of rise in female professionals and non-adherence of medical students in residency programs. Conclusions: The percentage of women in medicine has increased in recent years, however the number of women who pursue a neurosurgical career is still very small, when compared to the total number of neurosurgeon men.

Short-Term Clinical Outcomes of Single Versus Dual Antiplatelet Therapy after Infrainguinal Endovascular Treatment for Peripheral Arterial Disease

After infrainguinal endovascular treatment for peripheral arterial disease (PAD), it is uncertain whether single antiplatelet therapy (SAPT) or dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) should be preferred. This study investigated major adverse limb events (MALE) and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) between patients receiving SAPT and DAPT. Patient data from three centers in the Netherlands were retrospectively collected and analyzed. All patients treated for PAD by endovascular revascularization of the superficial femoral, popliteal, or below-the-knee (BTK) arteries and who were prescribed acetylsalicylic acid or clopidogrel, were included. End points were 1-, 3-, and 12-month MALE and MACE, and bleeding complications. In total, 237 patients (258 limbs treated) were included, with 149 patients receiving SAPT (63%) and 88 DAPT (37%). No significant differences were found after univariate and multivariate analyses between SAPT and DAPT on 1-, 3-, and 12-month MALE and MACE, or bleeding outcomes. Subgroup analyses of patients with BTK treatment showed a significantly lower 12-month MALE rate when treated with DAPT (hazard ratio 0.33; 95% confidence interval 0.12–0.95; p = 0.04). In conclusion, although patient numbers were small, no differences were found between SAPT and DAPT regarding MALE, MACE, or bleeding complications. DAPT should, however, be considered over SAPT for the subgroup of patients with below-the-knee endovascular treatment.

Levels of Heterochiasmy During Arabidopsis Development as Reported by Fluorescent Tagged Lines

Crossing over, the exchange of DNA between the chromosomes during meiosis, contributes significantly to genetic variation. The rate of crossovers (CO) varies depending upon the taxon, population, age, external conditions, and also, sometimes, between the sexes, a phenomenon called heterochiasmy. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the male rate of all crossover events (mCO) is typically nearly double the female rate (fCO). A previous, PCR-based genotyping study has reported that the disparity decreases with increasing parental age, because fCO rises while mCO remains stable. We revisited this topic using a fluorescent tagged lines approach to examine how heterochiasmy responded to parental age in eight genomic intervals distributed across the organism’s five chromosomes. We determined recombination frequency for, on average, more than 2000 seeds, for each interval, for each of four age groups, to estimate sex-specific CO rates. mCO did not change with age, as reported previously, but, here, fCO did not rise, and thus the levels of heterochiasmy were unchanged. We can see no methodological reason to doubt that our results reflect the underlying biology of the accessions we studied. The lack of response to age could perhaps be due to previously reported variation in CO rate among accessions of Arabidopsis.

Sex-specific crossover rates did not change with parental age in Arabidopsis

Crossing over, the exchange of DNA between the chromosomes during meiosis, contributes significantly to genetic variation. The rate of crossovers (CO) varies depending upon the taxon, population, age, external conditions, and also, sometimes, between the sexes, a phenomenon called heterochiasmy. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the male rate of crossovers (mCO) is typically nearly double the female rate (fCO). With increasing parental age, it has been reported that the disparity decreases, because fCO rises while mCO remains stable. That finding, however, is based on chromosome-based averaging, and it is unclear whether all parts of the genome respond similarly. We addressed this point by examining how the level of heterochiasmy responded to parental age in eight genomic intervals distributed across the five chromosomes of Arabidopsis. Unlike the previous work, in each of the eight intervals, the level of heterochiasmy did not change with age, that is, the ratio mCO:fCO remained stable. As expected, though, amongst the intervals, the levels of heterochiasmy at any of the four ages examined, did vary. We propose that while the levels of heterochiasmy in Arabidopis might decrease with age on a chromosomal basis, as reported earlier, this is not true for all locations within each chromosome. This has practical implications for plant breeding research, a major aim of which is identifying ways to induce local increases in CO rates.