Applied Hydrothermal Carbonization

The technology of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a thermal chemical conversion process of organic waste into products in a reactor at low and medium temperatures and pressures, with catalysts, using residual raw materials of diversified origin, such as domestic, industrial, or agricultural. The products from the process have several energies (renewable sources) and environmental applications, such as carbon sink, soil conditioners and nanostructured materials. Implications inherent to the process, such as the type of residual biomass, the carbon phases produced (products), and adaptation of the small-scale system, have been researched in the activities. Experiences show that a laboratory-scale system transforms wet biomass from industrial waste, such as septic tank sludge, into products with application potential. The septic tank effluent originating from the great region of Goiânia was treated through hydrothermal carbonization, generating products in nanometer scale to which value could be added (potential result), in case of application at an industrial scale. A tecnologia de carbonização hidrotermal (HTC) trata de processo de conversão termoquímica de substâncias residuárias orgânicas em produtos em reator em baixas e médias temperaturas e pressões, com catalisadores, utilizando matérias-primas residuais de origem diversificada, tais como doméstica, indústria ou agrícola. Os produtos do processo apresentam diversas aplicações energéticas (fontes renováveis) e ambientais, tais como sumidouro de carbono, condicionadores de solo e materiais nanoestruturados. Implicações inerentes ao processo, tais como o tipo de biomassa residuária, as fases de carbono produzidas (produtos) e adaptação do sistema de pequena escala, têm sido pesquisadas nas atividades. Experiências mostram que sistema em escala laboratorial transforma biomassa úmida de resíduos industriais, como lodo de fossas sépticas, em produtos com potencial de aplicação. O efluente de fossa séptica originário da grande região de Goiânia foi tratado através da carbonização hidrotermal, gerando produtos na escala nanométrica, aos quais poderiam ser agregados valor (resultado potencial), em caso de aplicação na escala industrial.

THE EXPLORATION OF THE TIETÊ RIVER BY THE COMISSÃO GEOGRÁFICA E GEOLÓGICA (1905): CARTOGRAPHIC ASPECTS

This paper studies the cartographic products associated with the Tiete River Exploration Report, (1905) published by the Geographical and Geological Committee of the São Paulo Province. The expedition, from the Bar of the Jacaré-Guassú River to the Paraná River, led to the mapping of the Tietê River, which, along with others, is part of the efforts made by this state agency so that there was no longer a great region called "Unknown hinterland inhabited by Indians" in the official map of the Province of Sao Paulo. The purpose was not only to map, but also to raise the mineral resources, the geology, focused on the types of soil and its agricultural potential, and the navigability of rivers for transporting people and goods. The data obtained are studied (altitudes, longitudes, magnetic declination), surveys paths, equipment used, work methodology and the Cartography produced: General Map, Partial Maps, Profile, Cross Sections and others.

The Numerical Analysis of Stability against Upheaval of Foundation Pit

Great region discrepancy exists in natural soil, while analysis and calculation of stability against upheaval of foundation pit in current specifications is only to soft soil. In order to study the stability against upheaval of foundation pit bottom in different geological conditions, FLAC3D numerical analyzing software is adopted to calculate and visualize the influence that several factors cause to stability safety coefficient, and contrast and checking is also made with current analysis and calculation methods and normal formula of stability against upheaval of excavation. The study shows that : a increase in soil’s cohesion,internal frication angle and embedded depth can develop the stability against upheaval of foundation pit.

Pleistocene and Recent Basalts of Transjordania and Palestine

Syrabia, to use Krenkel's comprehensive term for the great region comprising Arabia, Syria, Palestine, and Sinai, has been the theatre of vast igneous activity from the Cretaceous to the present time. M. Blanckenhorn divides the igneous rocks of this region into two groups, according to age, as Cretaceous-Eocene and Neogene-Quaternary. The Cretaceous-Eocene group includes gabbro-serpentine-diabase intrusives and extrusives involved with, and restricted to, the Eurasian fold-mountain system in the northern part of the region, and also prevailingly basaltic eruptives occurring in the Syrabian plateau country.

I.—A Western Australian Geologist

Everything relating to the progress of geology in our Colonies is, or ought to be, of interest to geologists at home; and those who have helped forward this movement are also deserving of recognition and commendation here. The subject of the present notice has left his hammer-marks on the rocks of Western Australia, and has covered many thousand miles on horseback, on foot, by rail and steamboat, from north to south and from east to west of this great region, containing an estimated area of 976,000 square miles, being about nine times that of the United Kingdom, and covering about one-third of the whole Australian Continent.

The Common Fossils of the British Rocks

In one of my last papers on the “Bottom-rocks” I appended a coloured map to a portion of the first dry-land of our mother-earth, a portion of the first division of the land from those waters “which covered the globe,” a fraction of one of those primeval cracks or ridges which then remotely shadowed out our present continents and oceans; and in the little green patches I gave all the traces known of the first beaches and sands which spread around those low and barren tracts in the great region of North America which I selected for an illustration. To this map I hope soon to add, as supplements, others of South America and of Europe. Africa must be left yet a long while ere one dare make the like attempt. To these maps, from time to time, I shall add colour after colour to show the successive deposition of those great rock-formations in which the animals and plants of the successive life-creations of our planet have been entombed; and I hope also to be able to give charts of the teeming oceans during each of those past wonderful ages severally characterised as the stages of progress and development of organic beings.