Tuberculosis of the Rare Azygos Lobe of Lung

Background: The azygos lobe is a rare anatomical variant seen in the upper lobe of right lung. It occurs during embryological development due to the failure of posterior cardinal vein to migrate supero-medially. It is often an incidental finding on imaging and is asymptomatic in majority of cases. Tuberculosis involving the azygos lobe is extremely rare. Only a few cases of tuberculosis involving the azygos lobe have been reported in literature.Case presentation: We present a rare case report of tuberculosis infection involving the azygos lobe in a 57-year-old Indian male with history of chronic cough, fever, haemoptysis and weight loss.Conclusions: The azygos lobe is usually asymptomatic, but it may be misdiagnosed as bulla, lung cyst or abscess. In rare cases it may be associated with certain pathology such as tuberculosis, other infections, and lung cancer. Hence, it is pertinent for a radiologist to be aware of this variant when reporting chest imaging cases.

A case of tuberculosis of the rare azygos lobe of the right lung

Background The azygos lobe is a rare anatomical variant seen in the upper lobe of right lung. It occurs during embryological development due to the failure of posterior cardinal vein to migrate supero-medially. It is often an incidental finding on imaging and is asymptomatic in majority of cases. Tuberculosis involving the azygos lobe is extremely rare. Only a few cases of tuberculosis involving the azygos lobe have been reported in literature. Case presentation We present a rare case report of tuberculosis infection involving the azygos lobe in a 57-year-old male with history of chronic cough, fever, hemoptysis, and weight loss. Conclusions The azygos lobe is usually asymptomatic, but it may be misdiagnosed as bulla, lung cyst, or abscess. In rare cases it may be associated with certain pathology such as tuberculosis, other infections, and lung cancer. Hence, it is pertinent for a radiologist to be aware of this variant when reporting chest imaging cases.

Vasohibin 1 selectively regulates secondary sprouting and lymphangiogenesis in the zebrafish trunk

ABSTRACTPrevious studies have shown that Vasohibin 1 (Vash1) is stimulated by VEGFs in endothelial cells and that its overexpression interferes with angiogenesis in vivo. Recently, Vash1 was found to mediate tubulin detyrosination, a post-translational modification that is implicated in many cell functions, such as cell division. Here, we used the zebrafish embryo to investigate the cellular and subcellular mechanisms of Vash1 on endothelial microtubules during formation of the trunk vasculature. We show that microtubules within venous-derived secondary sprouts are strongly and selectively detyrosinated in comparison with other endothelial cells, and that this difference is lost upon vash1 knockdown. Vash1 depletion in zebrafish specifically affected secondary sprouting from the posterior cardinal vein, increasing endothelial cell divisions and cell number in the sprouts. We show that altering secondary sprout numbers and structure upon Vash1 depletion leads to defective lymphatic vessel formation and ectopic lymphatic progenitor specification in the zebrafish trunk.

Vasohibin-1 mediated tubulin detyrosination selectively regulates secondary sprouting and lymphangiogenesis in the zebrafish trunk

ABSTRACTPrevious studies have shown that Vasohibin-1 (Vash-1) is stimulated by VEGFs in endothelial cells and that its overexpression interferes with angiogenesis in vivo. Recently, Vasohibin-1 was found to mediate tubulin detyrosination, a post-translational modification that is implicated in many cell functions, such as cell division. Here we used the zebrafish embryo to investigate the cellular and subcellular mechanisms of Vash-1 on endothelial microtubules during formation of the trunk vasculature. We show that microtubules within venous-derived secondary sprouts are strongly and selectively detyrosinated in comparison with other endothelial cells, and that this difference is lost upon vash-1 knockdown. Vasohibin-1 depletion in zebrafish specifically affected secondary sprouting from the posterior cardinal vein, increasing both the number of sprouts and endothelial cell divisions. We show that altering secondary sprout numbers and structure upon vash-1 depletion leads to a failure in the development and specification of lymphatic vessels of the zebrafish trunk.SUMMARYVasohibin-1 mediated detyrosination of endothelial microtubules is selectively required for adequate behaviour of venous secondary sprouting and subsequent formation of functional lymphatics in the zebrafish trunk.

7-Hydroxycoumarin Elicit Anti-Angiogenic Effects Through Cellular Apoptosis in Developing Embryos of Zebrafish (Danio Rerio)

Derivatives of coumarin have diverse biological activities and pharmacological significance. In this study we made an attempt to test one of the hydroxy derivative i.e. 7-hydroxycoumarin (7HC) for its anti-angiogenic potential using embryonic angiogenesis of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as biological model. Developing embryos of D. rerio were cultured in media containing one of the grade (1 mM or 2 mM or 3 mM or 4 mM or 5 mM) of concentration of 7HC from gastrula stage (~6 hrs post fertilization - hpf) until completion of embryonic development and hatching (72 hpf). Developmental trajectory of each post hatched larva was traced for two weeks. Angiogenesis and patterning of major blood vessels occurred in zebrafish embryos/ larvae between 24 - 72 hpf in controls. Exposure to 7HC resulted in an impairment in patterning of inter segmental vessels (ISVs) dorsal aorta (DA), dorsal longitudinal anastomotic vessel (DLAV), posterior cardinal vein (PCV), and common cardinal veins (CCVs) accompanied by increased site specific cellular apoptosis, declined heart rates in a dosedependent manner. 7HC manifest anti-angiogenic effects mediated/ induced through cellular apoptosis, hence may deserve attention and consideration as tumour angiogenesis suppressors in malignancy therapeutics.

Prominent Accessory Hemiazygos Vein representing Persistence of Cranial Portion of Posterior Cardinal Vein: Embryological Variant

ABSTRACT Introduction The azygos venous system has developed from the postcardinal veins of the embryo, and small parts persist only at the commencement of the azygos vein. Complex embryological development of these veins is a major cause for many possible variations of the azygos system. Materials and methods The present study was done in the Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Amritsar, on a male cadaver aged about 50 years. The thoracic cavity was opened to dissect the azygos system of veins. Results The system showed the persistent cranial part of the posterior cardinal vein. This led to the formation of a well-developed venous channel on the left side of the aortic arch and the thoracic aorta. This channel drained the 2nd to 10th left posterior intercostal veins and drained itself into the left brachiocephalic vein (LBV) after crossing the arch of aorta vertically on its right. There was no transvertebral communication between this channel and azygos vein on the right side. The hemiazygos vein (HAV) on the left side was normally formed and immediately drained into the azygos vein by turning to the left. The azygos vein on the right side was also normal. Conclusion The presence of such persistent embryological remnant, its position, and approximation to the structures near the arch of aorta should be taken into account to avoid radiological misdiagnosis and surgical complications. How to cite this article Sehmi S. Prominent Accessory Hemiazygos Vein representing Persistence of Cranial Portion of Posterior Cardinal Vein: Embryological Variant. Curr Trends Diagn Treat 2017;1(1):40-41.