A Comparative Study of Pyrenophora Teres Drechs. F. Teres and Pyrenophora Teres Drechs. F. Maculata Smedeg. Cause of "Net" and "Spot" Type Net Blotch Respectively on New Zealand Barley

<p>Net blotch is caused by Pyrenophora teres Drechs. (stat. conid. Drechslera teres (Sacc.) Shoem., syn. Helminthosporium teres Sacc). P. teres produces symptoms which appear initially as small necrotic spots and streaks on the leaf. These increase to produce the characteristic net-like symptoms, which have given rise to the name net blotch. Sometimes, lesions develop from small necrotic spots, to form elliptical lesions. This is the "spot" type of P. teres and was first noticed in 1967 in isolates from North America, Mexico, Israel and Holland. It was thought that these isolates were mutants of P. teres. Since 1969 however, other workers have reported similar observations widely occurring in Norway, Denmark and Finland. Based on minor morphological differences, Ito and Kuribayashi proposed a new species, called P. japonica. Smedegård-Petersen disagreed, and showed that the spot-producing isolate represents a deviating type of P. teres, only differing from the usual "net" type in the symptoms induced on barley plants. He based his reasoning on morphological, cultural and genetical investigations. Consequently, Smedegård-Petersen described two new forms of the fungus, Pyrenophora teres Drechs. f. teres Smedeg., which produces the usual net lesions, and Pyrenophora teres Drechs. f. maculata Smedeg., which produces well defined dark brown circular or elliptical lesions without netting. The aim of the research undertaken in the present study was to conduct a comparative study on the morphology and fitness of a range of New Zealand "net" and "spot" type isolates. An attempt was also made at crossing a "net" type with a "spot" type. Although Smedegård-Petersen had stated that there was no morphological difference between the "net" and "spot" types, this project was undertaken because no research had been done on New Zealand isolates. Furthermore, different features were studied using different methods not used by other workers in studying P. teres. The only morphological difference that was distinctive was that the "spot" types of P. teres formed coremial strands, which were fan-like in morphology, which produced conidia in culture, and the "net" types did not. There was no way to tell the "net" isolates apart from the "spot" isolates, based on conidia colour, length, width, volume or the number of cells per conidium. One fact that did emerge, was that the longest conidia had the greatest number of cells per conidium and the reverse was also true. The germination of monoconidial isolates showed that there were no major differences in branching between the two types of P. teres. However, it was revealed that two germ tubes were capable of emerging from one cell in the "spot" isolates. All cells in a conidium in both the "net" and "spot" types were able to germinate, cells that germinated tended to be at opposite ends, and the first cell to germinate in a conidium was usually the cell at the hilum. Examination of the growth rates showed that there were no significant differences in the growth rates of the "net" and "spot" types when grown on MEA+B. The "spot" types were able to penetrate cellulose faster than the "net" types and hence may produce cellulose faster as well. ANT148, which had previously been an unknown type, was proved to be a "spot" type in the pathogenicity tests. It may have been the source of the New Zealand "spot" type inoculum because the seed it came from was imported into New Zealand in 1984, two years prior to the discovery of the "spot" type of P. teres in the South Island. Both forms of P. teres penetrated the leaf through the epidermal cell wall, and occasionally entered through the stomata. Even though the "spot" type may be present inside the leaf, the symptoms are not usually manifested until later, compared with the "net" type where the symptoms tend to be an indication of the amount of hyphae present in the leaf. In the screening of the progeny from the crossing, the "spot" type of P. teres had lost up to 78.9% of its resistance to triadimenol and flutriafol, when compared to the sensitivity tests carried out in 1986 and 1987. It is hypothesised that 13Y, the "net" type is dominant, and the "spot" type, KF2, recessive, as none of the progeny had any resistance to triadimenol or flutriafol, after undergoing somatic recombination. It was concluded that the "spot" and "net" types are two types of the same species, and there was not enough evidence to suggest otherwise. Further studies should be done, using more current isolates of the "net" and "spot" types of P. teres, and the old D. japonica isolates from New Zealand, to establish if the cultures identified as D. japonica, are different in any way.</p>

A Comparative Study of Pyrenophora Teres Drechs. F. Teres and Pyrenophora Teres Drechs. F. Maculata Smedeg. Cause of "Net" and "Spot" Type Net Blotch Respectively on New Zealand Barley

<p>Net blotch is caused by Pyrenophora teres Drechs. (stat. conid. Drechslera teres (Sacc.) Shoem., syn. Helminthosporium teres Sacc). P. teres produces symptoms which appear initially as small necrotic spots and streaks on the leaf. These increase to produce the characteristic net-like symptoms, which have given rise to the name net blotch. Sometimes, lesions develop from small necrotic spots, to form elliptical lesions. This is the "spot" type of P. teres and was first noticed in 1967 in isolates from North America, Mexico, Israel and Holland. It was thought that these isolates were mutants of P. teres. Since 1969 however, other workers have reported similar observations widely occurring in Norway, Denmark and Finland. Based on minor morphological differences, Ito and Kuribayashi proposed a new species, called P. japonica. Smedegård-Petersen disagreed, and showed that the spot-producing isolate represents a deviating type of P. teres, only differing from the usual "net" type in the symptoms induced on barley plants. He based his reasoning on morphological, cultural and genetical investigations. Consequently, Smedegård-Petersen described two new forms of the fungus, Pyrenophora teres Drechs. f. teres Smedeg., which produces the usual net lesions, and Pyrenophora teres Drechs. f. maculata Smedeg., which produces well defined dark brown circular or elliptical lesions without netting. The aim of the research undertaken in the present study was to conduct a comparative study on the morphology and fitness of a range of New Zealand "net" and "spot" type isolates. An attempt was also made at crossing a "net" type with a "spot" type. Although Smedegård-Petersen had stated that there was no morphological difference between the "net" and "spot" types, this project was undertaken because no research had been done on New Zealand isolates. Furthermore, different features were studied using different methods not used by other workers in studying P. teres. The only morphological difference that was distinctive was that the "spot" types of P. teres formed coremial strands, which were fan-like in morphology, which produced conidia in culture, and the "net" types did not. There was no way to tell the "net" isolates apart from the "spot" isolates, based on conidia colour, length, width, volume or the number of cells per conidium. One fact that did emerge, was that the longest conidia had the greatest number of cells per conidium and the reverse was also true. The germination of monoconidial isolates showed that there were no major differences in branching between the two types of P. teres. However, it was revealed that two germ tubes were capable of emerging from one cell in the "spot" isolates. All cells in a conidium in both the "net" and "spot" types were able to germinate, cells that germinated tended to be at opposite ends, and the first cell to germinate in a conidium was usually the cell at the hilum. Examination of the growth rates showed that there were no significant differences in the growth rates of the "net" and "spot" types when grown on MEA+B. The "spot" types were able to penetrate cellulose faster than the "net" types and hence may produce cellulose faster as well. ANT148, which had previously been an unknown type, was proved to be a "spot" type in the pathogenicity tests. It may have been the source of the New Zealand "spot" type inoculum because the seed it came from was imported into New Zealand in 1984, two years prior to the discovery of the "spot" type of P. teres in the South Island. Both forms of P. teres penetrated the leaf through the epidermal cell wall, and occasionally entered through the stomata. Even though the "spot" type may be present inside the leaf, the symptoms are not usually manifested until later, compared with the "net" type where the symptoms tend to be an indication of the amount of hyphae present in the leaf. In the screening of the progeny from the crossing, the "spot" type of P. teres had lost up to 78.9% of its resistance to triadimenol and flutriafol, when compared to the sensitivity tests carried out in 1986 and 1987. It is hypothesised that 13Y, the "net" type is dominant, and the "spot" type, KF2, recessive, as none of the progeny had any resistance to triadimenol or flutriafol, after undergoing somatic recombination. It was concluded that the "spot" and "net" types are two types of the same species, and there was not enough evidence to suggest otherwise. Further studies should be done, using more current isolates of the "net" and "spot" types of P. teres, and the old D. japonica isolates from New Zealand, to establish if the cultures identified as D. japonica, are different in any way.</p>

DISTRIBUTION OF THE SEDIMENTARY COVER IN THE EQUATORIAL SEGMENT OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN

The thickness of the Atlantic Equatorial segment sedimentary cover decreases with the distance from the continental source of mass removal and increases slightly with the distance from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). Background sedimentation makes a small contribution to the total sedimentary volume near the continents and the major contribution in basins with the formation of sedimentary bodies with a thickness of no more than 500 m. Sedimentary bodies with a thickness up to 1000 m near MAR are the results of unloading of bottom currents near structural barriers in topography and in fault troughs. The total thickness tends to increase from north to south on the western flank of the MAR. The multidirectional spatial migration of the basement depressions filled with sediments is revealed. To the west of the MAR, contrasting acoustic stratification and tectonic deformations of sediments were found. To the east of the MAR, deformations are rare and expressed by piercing structures and normal faults. Anomalies of the "bright spot" type associated with local manifestations of magmatism forming aligned high-amplitude reflectors are revealed. Normal faulting in the passive parts of the transforms zones indicates the presence of local stretching, which is part of the simple shear paragenesis. In the troughs, sediment deposition from the bottom currents, which forms channel drifts, is revealed.

Simulations of Switchback, Fragmentation and Sunspot Pair in δ-Sunspots during Magnetic Flux Emergence

Strong flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs), launched from δ-sunspots, are the most catastrophic energy-releasing events in the solar system. The formations of δ-sunspots and relevant polarity inversion lines (PILs) are crucial for the understanding of flare eruptions and CMEs. In this work, the kink-stable, spot-spot-type δ-sunspots induced by flux emergence are simulated, under different subphotospheric initial conditions of magnetic field strength, radius, twist, and depth. The time evolution of various plasma variables of the δ-sunspots are simulated and compared with the observation data, including magnetic bipolar structures, relevant PILs, and temperature. The simulation results show that magnetic polarities display switchbacks at a certain stage and then split into numerous fragments. The simulated fragmentation phenomenon in some δ-sunspots may provide leads for future observations in the field.

Uniform Heating Model Analysis for the Formation Process of Aluminium Foam by Spot-Type Halogen Lamp

Heat treatment by heating furnace has limited the capability of heat treatment processes to control the desired heating volume and products’ sizes. This study introduced a heat treatment process using light heat sourced from a spot-type halogen lamp, with the aim of clarifying the thermal phenomenon of aluminium (Al) foam. Here, the temperature and deformation of Al foam were observed experimentally. In addition, thermal analysis was conducted numerically using a uniform heating model by neglecting the energy consumption of the blowing agent and deformation and thermal conductivity of Al. The experimental results revealed that the precursor initially formed at almost the same time as the phase change. The numerical results almost corresponded with the experimental results until the melting point of Al, after which a slight disagreement was observed. Moreover, the phase transformation appeared slightly earlier as a result of neglecting the deformation of Al foam and energy consumption of the blowing agent. Although the formation of Al foam cannot be expressed perfectly using the proposed uniform heating model, a qualitative phenomenon of such formation was successfully explained. In the future, the effects of deformation and energy consumption of the blowing agent and the thermal conductivity of Al can be considered in the proposed uniform heating model.