ETHNOGENESIS AND THE CHUVASH LANGUAGE AS PER N. YA. MARR

В XIX в. Российская академия наук продолжила традиции изучения истории, этнографии и языков народов, населяющих страну. Среди членов РАН, принимавших активное участие в этом благородном начинании — А. А. Куник, В. В. Радлов, Н. Я. Бичурин, Н. И. Ильминский и А. Э. Альквист. В XIX-XX вв. выделяется среди них Н. Я. Марр — персона, оцененная в науке неоднозначно: от возведения буквально до неимоверных высот до низведения к нулю. Марр сумел войти в научную элиту Петербурга: его близкими друзьями и родственниками стали такие выдающиеся личности, как В. В. Радлов, В. А. Жуковский, С. Ф. Ольденбург, В. В. Бартольд, И. Ю. Крачковский и другие. В статье предпринята по мере возможности оценить труды и личность Николая Яковлевича Марра объективно. В качестве основных объектов выделены работы Марра по этногенезу и языку чувашского народа. Всегда нацеленный на вербовку аудитории, Марр нашел среди чувашской молодежи и в правительстве Чувашии благородную почву. У него появились аспиранты по филологическому направлению, его и его сотрудников стали приглашать в экспедиции, читать лекции, изучать музеи. С большой охотой издавали его труды в Чебоксарах. Марр быстро сумел убедить, что чуваши — это яфетиды, выходцы из Месопотамии. А его современники способствовали утверждению идей учителя и даже «расширили» подброшенные замыслы. Хотя следует подчеркнуть, что Марр никогда не доводил идеи этногенеза до логического конца. Он не шел дальше этноглоттохронологии. Тем не менее, его замыслы иногда наводят на размышления. Например, расшифровка этнонима чуваши, косвенное указание исхода исторических предков из Кавказа и теория об укающих и окающих диалектах. Самое негативное в его трудах и выступлениях — это отрицание этничности. А также злополучная теория о четырех элементах в поисках семантики слов. Во многих случаях приходится соглашаться с критиками Марра о том, что он окружал себя множеством учеников, для основной массы которых яфетическая теория была выше всего. Сторонники Марра нанесли науке большой урон. Они использовали свои должности для нанесения удара по своим личным противникам: сначала говорили, что термин «этнос» трудно доказуем, а потом сами же отдавали ему предпочтение. Впрочем, знакомая картина и в сегодняшней жизни. In the 19th century, the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) continued the traditions of the study of the history, ethnography, and languages of the peoples living in the country. Ernst-Eduard Kunik, V. V. Radlov, N. Ya. Bichurin, N. I. Ilminsky, and August Ahlqvist were among the RAS members who took active part in this honorable initiative. In the 19th–20th centuries, a person standing out from the rest of them is N. Ya. Marr who was ambiguously assessed in science, from raising to incredible height to bringing down to zero. Marr managed to become one of the scientific leaders of St. Petersburg: V. V. Radlov, V. A. Zhukovsky, S. F. Oldenburg, V. V. Bartold, I. Yu. Krachkovsky and others were his intimate friends and relatives. An attempt to make an objective assessment of the works and identity of Nikolay Yakovlevich Marr. Marr’s works on the ethnogenesis and language of the Chuvash people are specified as the main subjects. Always focused on enrolment of the audience, Marr found a welcome audience among the young people and the government of Chuvashia. He started to work with post-graduates in the philological discipline, he and his employees were invited to take part in expeditions, deliver lectures, and study the museums. His works were published willingly in Cheboksary. Marr quickly managed to assure that the Chuvash were Japhetides which came from Mesopotamia. And his contemporaries promoted the assurance of the master’s ideas and even “extended” the thrown vision. However it is worth emphasizing that Marr never followed out the ethnogenesis ideas. He only dealt with ethnoglottochronology. Nevertheless, his vision is sometimes suggestive. For example, an explanation of the Chuvash ethnonym, the indirect indication of the fact that the historical ancestors came from the Caucasus, and the theory of dialects where unstressed “u” and “o” are pronounced. The negative thing in his works and speeches is the denial of ethnicity, and the illfated theory of four elements in the word semantics search. In many cases one has to agree with those who criticize Marr that he surrounded himself with great numbers of disciples, for the most of whom the Jathetide theory was above all else. Marr’s followers did severe damage to science. They used their positions to strike a blow against their personal enemies: at first they said that the “ethnos” term was difficult to prove and then gave preference to the same. However, this is familiar picture also in today's life.

Нарушенные парные погребения кожумбердынской культурной группы эпохи поздней бронзы Южного Зауралья

This article aims at discussing the time and the character (pragmatic or ritual) of disturbances in paired burials of Kozhumberdy cultural group of Late Bronze Alakul´ Culture in the Southern Urals and Western Kazakhstan. Data. The object of the study are Kozhumberdy paired burials, which were deliberately disturbed, including 19 simultaneous and 3 non-simultaneous graves. Results. The simultaneous burials are divided into two groups according to the degree of skeletal impairment. In the first group the remains of both deceased are equally broken; there are 10 of such burials. The skeletal impairment of pelvic and/or femur bones prevail. In the second group the remains of one of the deceased are broken to a greater degree; there are 9 such burials. As a rule, the female bones suffered more: the skull manipulation (removal, breaking) is their characteristic feature. The fact of the presence of vessels in situ in most graves and the accuracy with which the penetration was accomplished may serve as the evidence of the disturbances made by the contemporaries of the buried. There seems to be no pragmatic purpose for such disturbances: the absence of prestigious grave-goods in most undisturbed paired burials may serve as the indirect indication of this fact. This is supported by direct evidence as well because those who disturbed the graves were apparently not interested in the valuable jewelry; it was left in the disturbed part of the grave. Notably, the disturbance of non-simultaneous burials is like that of simultaneous graves: the skeletons are broken down to the pelvic and/or femur bones (1) and the skulls are removed (2). Conclusions. The disturbance of Kozhumberdy paired burials was carried out during post-burial rituals performed by the contemporaries of the deceased.

Retrospective Investigation of Contralateral Hearing Thresholds of Patients With Sporadic Vestibular Schwannoma

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the contralateral hearing of patients with sporadic vestibular schwannoma (VS). Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Pure-tone audiograms of the contralateral ear from patients with a wait-and-scan strategy were compared to the ones who received therapy. Due to a possible bias caused by the therapy, hearing thresholds before and after radiotherapy or surgery were compared separately with the wait-and-scan group. Methods From 1979 to 2017, 508 patients with sporadic VS could be included in the study. Of these, 240 received regular controls in the sense of wait-and-scan, 72 underwent radiotherapy (63 audiograms before and 43 after radiotherapy), and 196 had a surgery (186 audiograms before and 146 after surgery). Age-normalized hearing thresholds of the contralateral ear from patients with a wait-and-scan strategy were compared to ones who received therapy. In addition, hearing thresholds were compared to norm values. Results There was no evidence for a difference in the contralateral hearing of patients with sporadic VS between the wait-and-scan and therapy groups. The mean difference of hearing thresholds in our sample to norm values was found to be larger for the high frequencies and more pronounced in male patients. Conclusion There was no evidence for a difference in the contralateral hearing loss of patients with sporadic VS between the wait-and-scan and therapy groups. However, there was some indirect indication of poorer contralateral hearing in all patients with sporadic VS compared to normative values.

The neotropical genus Sporrongia Gumovsky (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), including two new species and the first biological record

Two new species of Sporrongia Gumovsky (Eulophidae: Entedoninae), S. marginata sp. nov. from Costa Rica and Mexico, and S. niveicornis sp. nov. from Peru, are described and compared to the single previously known species, S. tobagoiensis Gumovsky. Sporrongia marginata has been reared from galls on the legume Andira inermis (Leguminosae). This is the first biological record for the genus and an indirect indication of possible gall induction by S. marginata.

Measuring Floodplain Inundation Using Diel Amplitude of Temperature

Assessment of inundation patterns across large and remote floodplains is challenging and costly. Inexpensive loggers that record the damping of the diel amplitude of temperature (DAT) when submerged compared to overlying air can indirectly indicate inundation. We assessed the efficacy of this approach in tropical, subtropical, and temperate floodplains by comparing direct water level measurements using pressure transducers with the indirect indication of inundation ascertained from the DAT at the same location. The approach worked better in tropical than in subtropical and temperate floodplains. However, the relatively small DATs of air in humid and densely vegetated settings made estimation of inundation more challenging compared to the drier and less vegetated settings, where a large diel range of air temperature was markedly damped beneath the water. The indirect temperature approach must be calibrated for a particular ecosystem using direct water-level measurements to define DAT thresholds that are indicative of submergence of the sensors. Temperature provides an inexpensive indicator of duration of inundation that can be particularly useful in studies of large and remote floodplains, although the development of inexpensive sensors that directly measure submergence (e.g., by resistivity) will likely become a better option in the future.

The Late Cretaceous phosphatized ichnofauna fossils from the Eocene basal horizon of the Middle Dnieper area

The object of our study was phosphated remains of ichnofaunas from the basal horizon of the Kanivska suite (Eocene), which transgressively onlaps here the eroded top of the Burimska suite. The goal of the research was to reconstruct some sedimentation features of the final stages of the Late Cretaceous basin’s existence and during of the Early Eocene transgression on the Middle Dnieper area (Ukraine). The specimens of the basal horizon of the Kanivska suite (Р2kn) were sampled from the outcrops in the Melanchin Potik gulley and in a branch of the Glyadovy gulley. It is a complex of rough-medium grained gravel sandstones with shark teeth, fish bone fragments, detritus of Bivalvia and Brachiopoda. The nature of preservation and arrangement suggests that the fossils were relocated. The sample from the Glyadovy gulley is an agglomeration of phosphatized debris of various types of ichnofauna, cemented with a phosphate and sand substrate. The first type, in our opinion, is a fragment of a burrow nucleus of a crayfishlike decapod Thalassinoides Ehrenberg ichnogenus, as indicated by the surface , absence of a constructed wall and its size. The phosphorite features of the second type are cores of the burrows of the Ophiomorpha Lundgren genus with a characteristic ophiomorphic sculpture in the form of knobbles on the outer surface. The structures of the second type have certain differences in the distribution and nature of phosphate material. The described cores are interpreted as domichnia: dwelling places of fossil fauna. They were not known earlier within the Middle Dnieper area. The animals constructed a system of void ducts in the well ventilated middle ichnofossil layer with depth up to 60 cm (as can be inferred from the diameter of Thalassinoides). Although crayfish burrows can be present in any formation, it is generally thought that they are more specific for the littoral and shallow water environments. Based on the fauna composition and the phosphated debris preservation, we can assume the age of ichnofaunas is Late Cretaceous. An indirect indication of this can be the bones and teeth of Cretaceous vertebrates, found in the same basal layer, in particular, ichthyosaurus genus (Platypterygius sp.) and a phosphate concretion with ammonite remnants. Besides phosphatized ichnofauna debris, the basal level contains black odd-shaped nodules and microconcretions, composed of amorphous phosphate minerals. They contain a considerable amount of microscopic fossils of presumably phytoorganic nature and fragments of undeterrmined groups. From the fact that the phosphate material is not completely decrystallized, and that some microfossils have their initial composition, we infer that they belong to the Early Eocene.

Monitoring functional capacity in heart failure

This document reflects the key points of a consensus meeting of the Heart Failure Association of European Society of Cardiology (ESC) held to provide an overview the role of physiological monitoring in the complex multimorbid heart failure (HF) patient. This article reviews assessments of the functional ability of patients with HF. The gold standard measurement of cardiovascular functional capacity is peak oxygen consumption obtained from a cardiopulmonary exercise test. The 6-min walk test provides an indirect measure of cardiovascular functional capacity. Muscular functional capacity is assessed using either a 1−repetition maximum test of the upper and lower body or other methods, such as handgrip measurement. The short physical performance battery may provide a helpful, indirect indication of muscular functional capacity.

LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OF FINAL ETIQUETTE FORMULAS IN RUSSIAN LETTERS OF THE XVIII CENTURY

The purpose of the study is to define the lexical and grammatical features of the final etiquette formulas in Russian letters of the 18th century, to describe the functional and semantic types of formulas, to characterize their syntactic structure. The object of study is letters addressed to different persons by the outstanding Russian commander A. V. Suvorov and Princess E. R. Dashkova. The research material is 120 enclosed etiquette formulas extracted from letters with a continuous sampling method. The descriptive method of research has been used in the article. Practical application is possible in the process of teaching the stylistics of the Russian language. Conclusions: The final etiquette formulas are an important structural element of the ending of a letter, usually preceding the signature of the addressee. We have identified the following functional-semantic types of final etiquette formulas in Russian letters of the 18th century: 1) formulas of forgiveness; 2) formulas of wishes (wishes of physical and mental health, God's help and blessing); 3) parakinesthetic final etiquette formulas (verbal transmission of a gesture or an action); 4) honorific final etiquette formulas (direct or indirect indication by the addressor the addressee's positive qualities). The basis of the construction of the final etiquette formulas often lies in one or another speech cliche, however these cliches are spread by dependent syntactic components, as a result of which the final etiquette formulas in the letters under study are diverse in their syntactic structure. The perspective of the present study is in the research of the dynamics of the final etiquette formulas of writing in the epistolary of the 18th – 20th centuries, as well as in a more detailed explanation of the pragmatics and functioning of the etiquette formulas depending on the nature of the communicative situation.

PRELIMINARY RESULT OF VLF RECEIVER INSTALLATION FOR SPACE WEATHER RESEARCH

About 40 km altitude, VLF radio waves are partially reflected and partially absorbed by the D-layer of the ionosphere. By measuring the amplitude of radio signals after they have reflected from the ionosphere, it is possible to detect kinds of ionospheric and space activity taking place. Recently, Division Ionosphere and Telecommunication, Space Science Center, National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN) have installed VLF receiver to investigate effects of solar flare to ionosphere, mainly Sudden Ionospheric Disturbances (SIDs). By monitoring transmission from Earth-based beacons which are affected by variabilities in the ionosphere, giving an indirect indication of events on the Sun. The VLF receiver output is a voltage varying with time, which may be fed to any data logger or digital multimeter. In this paper, we discuss about system of UKRAA (United Kingdom Radio Astronomy Association) VLF receiver, our research plan related to this instrument, and preliminary result of installation of VLF receiver

Injectable collagen in correction of age-related skin changes: experimental and clinical parallels

To a large extent, age-related facial skin changes, wrinkles and flabbiness, are attributed to the structural alterations in dermis, including of collagen fibers fragmentation and disorganization. There are various cosmetological correction methods that aim to activate neocollagenesis and dermal remodeling. From this perspective, intradermal injections of exogenous collagen preparations seem logical. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of Collost 7% collagen complex applied to correct the age-related facial skin changes, as well as clarify the possible mechanisms of skin rejuvenation resulting from a course of intradermal injections. 35 participants entered the study, 30 of them finished it. A set of indicators describing age-related skin changes was assessed with the help of clinical scales; the assessment revealed a pronounced improvement in the quality of the patients' skin, including smoothed relief in the area of localization of fine wrinkles. The therapy resulted in a statistically significant improvement of the skin's elasticity, which, combined with the changes discovered through US scanning (greater dermis thickness and echodensity), is an indirect indication of skin restructuring associated with accumulation of fibrous protein structures. These results allow parallels with the experimental data that shows activation of neocollagenesis in the skin of laboratory animals after a course of Collost 7% gel. The research revealed no serious adverse events. A course of collagen administered intradermally can be recommended as an aesthetic correction procedure, as well as means of prevention of atrophy that has a significant effect on skin's appearance and health status.