Can tissue nitric oxide synthesis 2 (iNOS) levels play a role in the pathophysiology of reflux esophagitis?

Objective: Nitric oxide (NO) is a strong dilatator, playing an important role in inflammatory events. Its production is regulated by NO synthase 2 (NOS2/iNOS). Our aim was to compare iNOS in esophageal tissues of patients with erosive or non-erosive reflux esophagitis to that of normal cases. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in 2019–2020 on patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal (UGI) endoscopy. Study included 30 patients who had no reflux symptoms and were not diagnosed with reflux esophagitis in the UGI endoscopy (control), 22 who had pronounced reflux symptoms but could not be diagnosed with reflux esophagitis in the endoscopy (non-erosive reflux), and 51 who had reflux esophagitis in the endoscopy (erosive reflux esophagitis). Using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, tissue iNOS levels were assessed on samples from the lower end of the esophagus. Results: Average iNOS level was 5.02±1.51 picogram/milliliter (pg/mL) in the normal group and 5.04±1.68 pg/mL in all reflux esophagitis cases. iNOS levels were higher in non-erosive reflux and lower in erosive reflux than in controls. In erosive reflux A, B, and C, iNOS levels were 5.03±1.64, 5.10±2.23, and 4.06±0.02 pg/mL, respectively. The level in erosive reflux C is considerably lower than in the normal group. However, none of the differences between the groups was significant. Conclusions: NO synthase was higher in patients with non-erosive reflux esophagitis and considerably lower in those with erosive reflux C, compared to the normal cases. Although not significant, the differences suggest that NO and iNOS levels may be important in reflux physiopathology.

Therapy for erosive esophagitis induced by mixed reflux in patients with CAD

The article presents the results of using a combination of PPI (pantoprazole) and UDCA for the treatment of erosive esophagitis induced by mixed reflux in patients with coronary artery disease.A total of 62 patients with EGDS-proven erosive esophagitis were enrolled in the study. The patients were divided into two groups: the active treatment group (ATG) which included 34 patients with erosive reflux esophagitis and control group (CG), which included 28 patients with erosive reflux esophagitis without CAD. The patients of both groups received IPP (pantoprazole) 80 mg/day and UDCA at a dosage of 15 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks. (84 days).The study showed that complete epithelialization of esophageal mucosa defects was detected in 100% of ATG patients by Day 84 of therapy, the same was achieved in CG patients by Day 56 of the basic course of therapy.The treatment of EE induced by mixed reflux with a combination of PPI (pantoprazole) at a dose of 80 mg/day and UDCA at a dosage of 15 mg/kg/day was efficient in patients with GERD and CAD as a basic course of therapy for not less than 84 days. An effective dose of UDCA for maintenance therapy is 5 mg/kg/day in combination with PPI at a daily dose of 40 mg for not less than 2 months.