Design of an Atlas of Significant Natural Disasters

Natural disasters change every year, which leads to anomalies and subsequently causing more and more damage. Therefore, it is important that people receive as much information for disasters as possible, in order to be aware of their power and consequences. The clearest way to transmit information about a disaster, before, during and after its occurrence, is to map it. This paper discusses the applicability of atlas mapping, and the process of creating an “Atlas of significant natural disasters, around the world, for 2019”. The Atlas collects, and consolidates historical and up-to-date information on natural disasters around the globe, including tropical cyclones, earthquakes, floods, pandemics and wild fires. By combining this information with data on population and infrastructure, the Atlas provides users with a better understanding of current hazards and their potential impacts.

Investigating fire NOx emissions with TROPOMI

<p>Most of the anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO<sub>2</sub> + NO) are linked to burning of fossil fuels for energy production, transportation or industrial processes. However, biomass burning and in particular large wild fires in tropical and sub-tropical regions can also be large sources of nitrogen oxides at least locally. Depending on the size of the fires, particles and gases can be lifted into the free troposphere and even higher, increasing the atmospheric lifetime of NOx and enabling long range transport.</p><p>The TROPOMI instrument on board of Sentinel 5 precursor (S5p) is a nadir viewing UV/vis imaging spectrometer launched in October 2017 and operationally providing data since July 2018. One of the main products that can be retrieved from TROPOMI spectra is tropospheric and total column NO<sub>2</sub>. Compared to previous UV/vis satellite instruments such as GOME, SCIAMACHY, GOME2 and OMI, TROPOMI has a higher spatial resolution of 3.5 x 5.5 km<sup>2</sup>. This reduced foot print size enables detection and evaluation of more localised sources such as individual fires and their plumes, and better separation of different contributions to the overall NO<sub>2</sub> loading.</p><p>In this presentation, IUP-Bremen TROPOMI NO<sub>2</sub> retrievals are evaluated for biomass burning signatures during the years 2018 to 2020, three years with very different burning seasons. The amounts and spatial distributions of NO<sub>2</sub> from fires are compared between the years and between different fire regions, and their impact on regions downwind of the sources is investigated.</p>

Recent changes of atmospheric composition in background and urban Eurasian regions

<p>An<strong> </strong>analysis of the CO and CH<sub>4</sub> total column (TC) as well as aerosol optical depth (AOD) data in background and urban Eurasian regions for different time-periods and seasons from 1998 to 2018 years is presented. Trend estimates based on long-term spectroscopic datasets of OIAP RAS for Moscow, Zvenigorod (ZSS, Moscow province), Beijing (joint site of OIAP RAS and IAP CAS) and NDACC stations located in Eurasia are compared between themselves and with similar assessments obtained from satellite data. The comparison of satellite and ground-based trend estimates was provided for the days of synchronous measurements only. Analysis results of the satellite observations of AIRS v6 of CO and CH<sub>4</sub> TC and MODIS AOD data are confirmed by ground-based trend estimates. Significant decrease of anthropogenic CO in the megacities Moscow (2.9±0.6%/yr) and Beijing (1.2±0.2%/yr) for autumn months of 1998−2018 was found according to ground-based spectroscopic observations. In spite of total anthropogenic CO emission decrease (for Europe and China) and the decrease of wild-fires emissions in Central North Eurasia (0−90° E, 42−75° N) in 2008−2018 we found CO TC stabilization or even its increase in background regions of Northern Eurasia in summer and autumn months of 2008−2018. Decrease of AOD over Central and Southern Europe as well as over China (1−5%/yr) was observed since 2007. Since 2007-2008 an increase in CH<sub>4</sub> TC positive trend values over Northern Europe as well as for tropical belt of Eurasia was obtained.</p><p>Additionally some results of comparison of orbital (AIRS, MODIS, TROPOMI) and ground-based spectroscopic diurnal and 10-days averaged data are presented.</p><p>This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation under grant № 20-17-00200 (analysis orbital information and trend distributions).</p>

Environmental change and disease dynamics

I will start by taking a quick look at the natural ecosystem. A natural ecosystem is a community where the biotic and abiotic components interact together as a unit through biological, physical and chemical processes. Among these components exists a delicate balance, which from time to time may be altered by natural causes (floods, droughts, wild fires, earthquakes, etc.) or by anthropogenic activities (including deforestation, agriculture, pollution, urbanization, etc.).

Forest Fire and Trespassing Detection using WSN with PIR sensor

Fire occurring in forest has become a major crises, the hard part of this is passing information about fire occurred is delay which in turn allow to increase the spread of fire. There are two preeminent reasons on delay, first is place or region in which fire has occurred and the other is passing information about fire to outer world. Forest fire can be controlled using appropriate technique and officials can control the wild fire before spreading, if the information is passed fast. Human trespassing is one of the dominant acumen for wild fires. In order to know the type of the fire depending upon the region and also deportation of data about fire occurred, we framed a lay out, forest fire detector that uses wireless sensor networks. The detector is able to inform us whether it is a crown fire or ground fire depending upon the region using fire sensors and PIR via NodeMCU ESP8266. PIR is used to detect the presence of humans within the preserved regions of wild. The detectors that are connected to the NodeMCU pass the information to tan other NodeMCU using server client configuration. Depending on the type of fire, sprinklers are activated to control ground fire and drones carrying fire resistant dry chemicals are used to spread them from above for crown fire.

What can we learn from TROPOMI observations of biomass burning NO2?

<p>Most of the anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO<sub>2</sub> + NO) are linked to burning of fossil fuels for energy production, transportation or industrial processes. However, biomass burning and in particular large wild fires in tropical and sub-tropical regions can also be important sources of nitrogen oxides, at least locally. Depending on the size of the fires, particles and gases are lifted into the free troposphere and even higher, increasing the atmospheric lifetime of NOx in these plumes and enabling long range transport.</p><p>The TROPOMI instrument on board of Sentinel 5 precursor (S5p) is a nadir viewing UV/vis imaging spectrometer launched in October 2017 and operationally providing data since July 2018. One of the main products that can be retrieved from TROPOMI spectra is tropospheric and total column NO<sub>2</sub>. Compared to previous UV/vis satellite instruments such as GOME, SCIAMACHY, GOME2 and OMI, TROPOMI has a higher spatial resolution of 3.5 x 5.5 km<sup>2</sup>. This reduced foot print size enables detection and evaluation of more localised sources such as individual fires and their plumes, and better separation of different contributions to the overall NO<sub>2</sub> loading.</p><p>In this presentation, IUP-Bremen TROPOMI NO<sub>2</sub> retrievals are evaluated for biomass burning signatures during 2018 and 2019, two years with very different burning seasons. The amounts and spatial distributions of NO<sub>2</sub> from fires are compared between the two years and between different fire regions, and their impact on regions downwind of the sources is investigated.</p>