The Domination of the Kurds

We do two things in this article: develop a novel conception of domination and show how the Kurdish people are dominated in this novel sense. Conceptions of domination are usually distinguished in terms of paradigm cases and whether they are moralised and/or normdependent accounts, or neither. By contrast, we argue there is a way of understanding domination in terms of distinct social kinds. Among kinds of domination, like economic or racial or sexual domination, there must be a specifically political kind of domination. Borrowing from Carl Schmitt’s framework of differing degrees of political enmity, we argue political domination is best understood as an existential form of domination whereby one people aim to prevent the independent existence of another people mainly through the uncontrolled power and extreme violence involved in absolute enmity. This conception of existential domination is offered as an example of a non-moralised, normindependent account of domination. We then argue that the Kurdish people, who are the largest stateless people in the world, suffer existential domination from the absolute enmity expressed towards them by the four nation-states they find themselves dominated within: Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran.

UKRAINE, QUO VADIS? AFTERTASTE HOLIDAY

The fourth and final article prepared in the Centre for Ukrainian Studies of the Institute of Europe of the RAS for the 30th anniversary of Ukraine’s independence cycle, devoted to the way in which the features of transformation of Ukrainian society and the State addressed in previous articles were reflected in the celebrations, discourses and narratives. The opportunity to analyse the country’s path has not been fully exploited. The anniversary events were held, leaving a sense of understatement. This to a certain extent characterizes the situation – internal and external – in which the Ukrainian Republic found itself at the beginning of the fourth decade of its sovereign independent existence. His romantic period is over, and the realistic one has not been started yet. A sense of general uncertainty and political indecision has been left from the events and judgments of the anniversary year. The conclusion proposed by the author of the article is that the time for waiting, declarations and palliatives for Ukraine has passed. It is time for sober judgment and decisive action. Countries face a decisive reboot of the political system and a critical review of the goals, means and pace of modernization and development.

Formation of Consciousness of Fictional Characters: Reading in the novel Al-Masarrat Wal Awja’ (Joys and Pains): تشكل وعي الشخصيات الروائية قراءة في رواية (المسرّات والأوجاع)

The events often contained in any narrative work contribute to the formation of the consciousness of the characters in the work, no matter how superficial that consciousness, as well as the consciousness of the writer that transmits it in one or a group of his works, through his characters who contribute to a set of events and interactions between them by revealing their vision for themselves and each other, in addition to their pronouncement of judgments resulting from their consciousness of what happened in their past and what is happening in their surroundings. Consciousness is one of the most prominent features that we can find in a character that has an independent existence, and has its own style of perceiving situations and facts surrounding it, which lives in its world, as well as realizing what is going on in itself in advance. Hence, we deal with this research of the fictional characters in the novel (Al-Masarrat Wal Awja’) by the Iraqi novelist Fuad al-Takarli from this aspect that was said to have been addressed by critical studies, to reveal a mechanism that shapes these characters’ consciousness of themselves and others, their references and their vision of the world that the author conveys to us through his narrator. Our choice of novel (Al-Masarrat Wal Awja’) was due to the writer’s care of his main and secondary characters and the multiplicity of their social and cultural levels, which enriched the fictional work in terms of the references that each character reflects and refers to, especially the main character (Tawfiq), which we see once existential, once agnostic, and at other times without all the references, in addition to being a sophisticated figure at work and presenting his vision of the world through his diaries that were part of the fictional work. The research is divided into three sections, the first is theoretic and is concerned with the consciousness of the term and the concept, and the second dealt with patterns of consciousness in terms of the concept of each type and how it appeared in the novel under consideration and in which character was it reflected from its characters. As for the last topic, we dealt with the vision of the world presented by the novelist about the path of his main character (Tawfiq), so that the research finally reaches a set of results, the most important of which is that the characters in the novel in question were neither superficial nor an intellectual construction, and this is what led to the formation of the consciousness of each in a different way from the other.

Clause Structure and Word Order in Ákè

Ákè is by historical and linguistic facts a dialect of Edo which has not received significant linguistic attention. This neglect informs an inquiry into the in ternal structure and organization of its basic clause. This paper studies data of everyday usage of competent speakers of Ákè and argues that it displays a subject-verb-object order. The study provides a not too elaborate description of the nominal and verbal constructions in Ákè and reduces the description to analysis using the X-bar theory as conceived within the Minimalist Program. It therefore states that nominal phrases can be analysed as a projection of Determiner Phrase (DP) because independent existence is not a requirement for considering an element as the head of a projection. The variable position which the head D occupies in the superficial syntax of Ákè is analysed as the effect of movement for feature checking. In the spirit of the Minimalist Program, this study recognizes the head of the clause as Tense (T), which could be overt or null and predicts that it dominates Negative Phrase (NegP) as Neg is assumed to c-select the Verb Phrase (VP).

The ICC's Al Bashir jurisprudence over the last decade: enforcer of the will of States Parties or of a global jus puniendi?

Over the course of the past decade, the question of whether States Parties to the International Criminal Court (ICC) could rely on Al Bashir's Head of State immunity when refusing to execute the Court's arrest warrants has occupied the Court through five different cases, finally reaching an Appeals Chamber decision in May 2019. Although Al Bashir has been deposed from power and the controversy around the case has diminished, there are still valuable lessons to be learned from the case law produced. This article poses the question of what kind of court the ICC really is: is it merely enforcing the will of its States Parties or does it develop an independent existence following its own agenda? In the process, the article will shine a light on how the Appeals Chamber is moving the ICC towards a path of judicial independence: it is willing to stretch the limits of the Rome Statute and to possibly disregard the interests of its States Parties. By pronouncing on the absence of a customary rule of Head of State immunity before international courts, the Appeals Chamber aims to broaden the ICC's jurisdiction and to sharpen its profile as an international court acting on behalf of the international community and enforcing a global jus puniendi. Examining the decade of Al Bashir jurisprudence, it becomes clear where these findings originate and why they were by no means unavoidable. Finally, the article will indicate how the distilled features of the Court's character might be put to the test – or how the result of a decade of case law will silently evaporate.

The distinction between semantics and pragmatics: The point of view of semiotics

In this paper I will try to outline the reasons why, in order to understand the life and the nature of meaning, the semiotic tradition has always thought that it was better not to separate semantics and pragmatics. I will first reconstruct the history of this idea, grounded in Pragmatism and in Structural Linguistics. Later, I will deal with its first formulation in A Theory of Semiotics by Umberto Eco. In the second part of the paper, I will work on the idea by Ferdinand de Saussure that meanings are values, that is, indeterminate entities whose identity is determined only through reciprocal determination. I will claim that this idea is the importation in linguistics of Leibniz’s principles of the differential calculus. In the final part of the paper, I will apply this idea to the distinction between semantics and pragmatics, claiming that meanings are better understood through a theory of modes of existence. If we understand the differential nature of meaning, we can see that meanings live only through the using of the expressions and these variations contribute to offer stability within the transformations, without creating a stable object defined by its properties and endowed with an independent existence split from the relationships that define it.

ADMITTING A MENTALLY ILL PERSON INCAPABLE OF INDEPENDENT EXISTENCE TO A PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL WITHOUT CONSENT – GLOSS TO THE DECISION OF THE SUPREME COURT

The conditions for compulsory admission to a psychiatric hospital under Art. 29 of the Mental Health Act apply only to the person to be admitted, they lack the element of protection of third parties (as opposed to admission under Articles 23 and 24 of this Act). Due to the fact that any admission without consent to a psychiatric hospital constitutes an interference with fundamental human rights (the right to freedom and to decide about one’s life), the provisions authorizing such admission must be strictly interpreted. Art. 29 provides for two groups of reasons for admission without consent: 1) counteracting the deterioration of health and 2) its improvement. Due to the fact that placement in a psychiatric hospital is the most onerous way of treating the patient, the guardianship court is obliged to consider whether less drastic methods of therapy will not be effective in such a case.

Kargopol ceramics: a separate type or a variety of pit-comb ceramics (on the example of materials from the settlements of Karelia)?

The purpose of this study is to consider the phenomenon of Kargopol ceramics in Karelia, which is manifested in its bright originality, sharp difference from other types of Neolithic ware and the vastness of the area-from Lake Onega in the west to the Pechora River in the east and from the Southern White Sea in the north to the southern limits of the Vologda Region in the south. There are 20 known settlements in Karelia, the complexes of which contain Kargopol ceramics with a total number of 275 vessels. The center of this layer of antiquities is Lake Vodlozero, located near the border of Karelia with the Arkhangelsk Region. Most Kargopol vessels have a straight flat-cut corolla with short and shallow notches applied from the outer and inner edges, below there is a horizontal belt of pits or punctures. There are six variants of ornamentation, three of which include elements of pit-comb and comb dishes. The authors think that the concentration of Kargopol vessels on the monuments of eastern Karelia, mainly in the complexes with pit-comb ceramics of the middle stage of development in the lake basin Vodlozera, and its almost complete absence in other areas of Karelia indicates the penetration of a similar ceramic tradition from the Eastern Prionezh Region, where it was first isolated. Based on the available modern data, it is still difficult to talk about the independent existence of Kargopol ceramics in the Neolithic of Karelia.

REKOGNISI KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAH TERHADAP PESANTREN SEBAGAI LEMBAGA PENDIDIKAN DI INDONESIA

Pesantren is the oldest Islamic religious education institution in Indonesia. However, the regulations and recognition of the Indonesian government are not the same as the recognition of schools, why? The results of this study show that government policies and pesantren recognition are divided into five periods, namely recognition of the existence of pesantren; recognition of pesantren as religious educational institutions in Indonesia; pesantren are equivalent to school and madrasah; pesantren as part of the Indonesia education system; and the period of independent existence of pesantren as educational institutions.

Women's issue in the context of social transformations of Russian society at the end of the XIX century: from education and service to the private and household sphere

The author demonstrates that among the most significant factors that influenced the transformation of women's world in the late nineteenth century was the possibility of obtaining secondary and higher education, professional realization, the collapse of the patriarchal family as the foundation of society, the democratization of society and the massive urban population growth, the possibility of the independent existence of women in society, and the active development of mass media that contributed to public discussion of new ideas and their wide dissemination.