Dimethylsulfoniopropionate Biosynthetic Bacteria in the Subseafloor Sediments of the South China Sea

Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is one of Earth’s most abundant organosulfur molecules, and bacteria in marine sediments have been considered significant producers. However, the vertical profiles of DMSP content and DMSP-producing bacteria in subseafloor sediment have not been described. Here, we used culture-dependent and -independent methods to investigate microbial DMSP production and cycling potential in South China Sea (SCS) sediment. The DMSP content of SCS sediment decreased from 11.25 to 20.90 nmol g–1 in the surface to 0.56–2.08 nmol g–1 in the bottom layers of 8-m-deep subseafloor sediment cores (n = 10). Very few eukaryotic plastid sequences were detected in the sediment, supporting bacteria and not algae as important sediment DMSP producers. Known bacterial DMSP biosynthesis genes (dsyB and mmtN) were only predicted to be in 0.0007–0.0195% of sediment bacteria, but novel DMSP-producing isolates with potentially unknown DMSP synthesis genes and/or pathways were identified in these sediments, including Marinobacter (Gammaproteobacteria) and Erythrobacter (Alphaproteobacteria) sp. The abundance of bacteria with the potential to produce DMSP decreased with sediment depth and was extremely low at 690 cm. Furthermore, distinct DMSP-producing bacterial groups existed in surface and subseafloor sediment samples, and their abundance increased when samples were incubated under conditions known to enrich for DMSP-producing bacteria. Bacterial DMSP catabolic genes were also most abundant in the surface oxic sediments with high DMSP concentrations. This study extends the current knowledge of bacterial DMSP biosynthesis in marine sediments and implies that DMSP biosynthesis is not only confined to the surface oxic sediment zones. It highlights the importance of future work to uncover the DMSP biosynthesis genes/pathways in novel DMSP-producing bacteria.

The Geochemistry and Bioturbation of Clay Sediments Associated with Amalgamated Crusts at the Gagua Ridge

Based on the analysis of geochemical and mineralogical compositions, deep sea clay sediment characteristics and their material sources were examined in the eastern flank of the Gagua Ridge. The mineralogy mainly consists of detrital clay minerals, quartz, and authigenic phillipsite. There is scarce biogenic debris (siliceous or calcareous). The consolidated sediments are more enriched in Si, Al, K, Na, Li, Sc, Cr, Rb, and Cs than the associated crusts and nodules. The unmixed sediment samples were mainlycontributed by Asian eolian dust. The onset of the outer Fe-Mn crust growth nearly coincides with the Central Asia aridification event at ~3.5 Ma, which resulted in an abrupt increase in eolian flux of Asian dust. Intensified surface primary productivity is assumed to bring more metals to deep waters, and eventually facilitate the outer Fe-Mn crust formation. Authigenic phillipsite may come from the alteration of local basic volcanic glasses and cause excess Al, high Al/Ti, and low Si/Al ratios. However, phillipsites hardly affect the abundance of rare earth elements (REEs) and their patterns. In addition, the investigation of two kinds of burrows inside the consolidated sediments reveals that the inner nodules of the amalgamated crusts may remain on the oxic sediment surface, due to frequent benthic activities.