Evaluation of increased fiber, decreased amino acids, or decreased electrolyte balance as dietary approaches to slow finishing pig growth rates

In swine production, pig movement restrictions or packing plant closures may create the need to slow growth rates of finishing pigs to ensure they remain at a marketable body weight when packing plant access is restored. Although dietary formulations can be successful at slowing pig growth, precision is needed regarding how to best formulate diets to achieve growth rate reductions. Thus, the objective was to evaluate three dietary experimental approaches aimed at slowing growth rates in finishing pigs. These approaches consisted of either increasing neutral detergent fiber (NDF), reducing essential amino acids or reducing the dietary electrolyte balance through the addition of acidogenic salts. Ninety four mixed-sex pigs (72.4 ± 11.2 kg BW) across two replicates were individually penned and assigned to 1 of 8 dietary treatments (n=11-12 pigs/treatment): 1) Control diet representative of a typical corn–soybean meal-based finisher diet (CON); 2) diet containing 15% NDF from soybean hulls (15% NDF), 3) diet containing 20% NDF from soybean hulls (20% NDF), 4) diet containing 25% NDF from soybean hulls (25% NDF), 5) diet formulated as per CON but with 50% of the soybean meal replaced with corn (89% Corn), 6) diet containing 97% corn and no soybean meal or synthetic amino acids (97% Corn), 7) diet containing 2% anhydrous calcium chloride (2% CaCl2), and 8) diet containing 4% anhydrous calcium chloride (4% CaCl2). Over 28 d, pig body weights and performance were recorded weekly. At d 28, all pigs were ultrasound scanned and switched to the CON diet to evaluate compensatory gain from d 28 to 35. Overall, increased NDF did not impact any growth performance parameter (P > 0.05). Amino acid restriction reduced ADG, ADFI, and G:F linearly (linear P < 0.001). Similarly, ADG, ADFI, and G:F were linearly reduced with increased CaCl2 inclusion (linear P < 0.001). Average daily gain differed during the compensatory gain period (P < 0.001), with 4% CaCl2 fed pigs having a 47% increase in ADG compared with CON fed pigs. Conversely, 15% and 25% NDF fed pigs had reduced ADG compared with CON fed pigs during the compensatory gain period. Gain efficiency differed from day 28 to 35 (P < 0.001), with 4% CaCl2 fed pigs having a 36% increase in G:F compared with CON fed pigs. Altogether, these data demonstrate that both amino acid restriction and CaCl2 inclusion are effective at slowing pig growth, albeit at greater inclusion rates.

TECHNOLOGY OF ENCAPSULATED DETOXICANTS OF PLANT ORIGIN OF FUNCTIONAL ORIENTATION

Нарушения в структуре питания населения, а также неблагоприятная экологическая обстановка обусловливают необходимость разработки пищевой продукции, содержащей физиологически активные ингредиенты, к которым относятся пищевые волокна (ПВ). Разработана технология капсулированных детоксикантов функциональной направленности на основе комбинированных ПВ из вторичных продуктов сахарного производства жома сахарной свеклы с использованием в качестве мембранного материала капсулы альгинат натрия. Установлено, что концентрация альгината натрия в растворе для капсулирования должна составлять 1. Комбинированный детоксикант смесь ПВ добавляли в раствор альгината натрия и перемешивали в течение 34 мин до однородной системы. Для получения формирующей среды 0,5 хлорида кальция безводного диспергировали в дистиллированной воде. Раствор альгината натрия вводили в формирующую среду при соотношении 1 : 10 соответственно посредством осевой подачи через устройство для производства капсулированных продуктов с выпускным отверстием диаметром 2 мм. Капсулы выдерживали в течение 13 мин, промывали дистиллированной водой и обсушивали на фильтровальной бумаге. Исследовали возможность включения полученных капсулированных детоксикантов в состав сладких блюд желе, киселей, самбуков для придания кулинарной продукции функциональной направленности. Установлено, что потребление 50 г (порция) готовой продукции, содержащей капсулированные комбинированные детоксиканты, позволяет удовлетворить суточную потребность в альгинате натрия на 25, клетчатке на 15, пектиновых веществах на 75, что позволяет отнести разработанную продукцию к функциональным продуктам питания. Violations in the structure of nutrition of the population, as well as adverse environmental conditions necessitate the development of food products containing physiologically active ingredients, which include dietary fiber (DF). The technology of capsulated detoxicants of functional orientation on the basis of combined DF from secondary products of sugar production-sugar beet pulp with the use of sodium alginate capsule as a membrane material has been developed. It was found that the concentration of sodium alginate in the solution for encapsulation should be 1. The combined detoxicants DF mixture was added to the sodium alginate solution and mixed for 34 minutes until a homogeneous system. To obtain the forming medium, 0,5 anhydrous calcium chloride was dispersed in distilled water. The sodium alginate solution was introduced into the forming medium at a ratio of 1 : 10, respectively, by axial feeding through a device for the production of capsulated products with an outlet with a diameter of 2 mm. The capsules were kept for 13 minutes, washed with distilled water and dried on filter paper. The possibility of including the obtained encapsulated detoxicants in the composition of sweet dishes jellies, sambuk to give the culinary products a functional orientation was investigated. It was found that the consumption of 50 g (portion) of finished products containing encapsulated combined detoxicants, allows to satisfy the daily need for sodium alginate by 25, fiber by 15, pectin substances by 75, which allows to refer the developed products to functional foods.

EVALUATION OF OCULAR FILMS OF OFLOXACIN FOR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Objective: The current study emphasizes on the treatment of ocular infection with objectives of reducing the frequency of administration, obtaining controlled release and greater therapeutic efficacy of the drug (ofloxacin) using ocular films.Methods: Ocular films were designed by solvent evaporation method containing a different combination of polymers. The folding endurance (mechanical strength) was determined by the number of folds at a specific single place required to break the film into two parts. Thickness was measured using screw gauze. The surface pH was done by pH paper. The percentage moisture absorption was carried out by placing the ocular films in a desiccator containing ammonium chloride. Percentage moisture loss was carried out by placing the ocular films in the desiccator containing anhydrous calcium chloride. in vitro drug release study were carried by using a modified version of franz diffusion cell. Stability study were carried using stability chambers as per ICH guidelines. The antibacterial activity was performed by using male albino rabbits.Results: The thickness and folding endurance of the films were in the range of 44±1.1 to 92±1.8 and 4.5±0.6 to 6.8±0.3, respectively for different formulations. Surface pH was evaluated in the range of 6.6 to 7.2. Percentage moisture absorption and percentage moisture loss were evaluated in the range of 1.17±1.1 to 6.72±1.5 and 0.58±0.9 to 1.23±0.9 respectively. Microbial growth was not observed in any formulation during sterility testing. The drug release for different batch codes PAH, PBE, PCP, PDC, PEEH, and PFEC was found to be 96.2, 56.9, 93.4, 94.5, 98.4 and 95.9 % respectively up to 12 h. Ocular films of batch code PEEH was optimized for maximum drug release (98.4%). The antibacterial effect was noted periodically (01 to 05 d) after administration of sterile formulation in the treated eyes vs. control eyes of each rabbit. The optimized batch PEEH of ocular films reduced the infection and redness completely within 3 d in a single dose.Conclusion: The optimized formulation would be able to offer benefits such as increased residence time, prolonged drug release, reduced frequency of administration and improved patient compliance with complete removal of inflammation and redness from the cul-de-sac.

Rapid determination of products of phenol hydrogenation in a supercritical water system using headspace gas chromatography

This paper reports a headspace analysis technique for the determination of products, i.e., cyclohexanone (CE) and cyclohexanol (CL), of phenol hydrogenation in a supercritical water reaction system (SWRS) with water removal by hydrate formation. An addition of anhydrous calcium chloride leads to water absorption resulting in crystal water; thus, the samples can be quantitatively measured without the influence of water. After achieving equilibrium at 150­°C and maintaining it for 5 min, the obtained results showed a relative standard deviation of less than 5.3 % and the recovery ranged from 93 % to 104 %. The presented method is simple and accurate for the analysis of CL, CE and phenol in samples from phenol conversion in SWRS.

Effects of pH on Preparation and Properties of CaTi2O4(OH)2 by Hydrothermal Method

A novel CaTi2O4(OH)2 nanosheet was synthesized using anhydrous calcium chloride, lithium chloride and butyl titanate as the basic raw material by a template-free and surfactant-free hydrothermal method. The crystal structure, morphology and element synthesis were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) equipped with an EDS system. Effects of pH on the structure, morphology and electrochemical properties were investigated. The results showed that when pH was 6.7, CaTi2O5 phase was obtained. When pH was 8.3, pure CaTi2O4(OH)2 nanosheets were obtained. Further increasing pH to 8.6, CaTi2O4(OH)2 was obtained, however, and CaTiO3 phase also appeared. When pH was 8.3, the rate capacity of CaTi2O4(OH)2 nanosheets was further higher than those of the samples prepared for pH=6.7 and pH=8.6. It indicated that CaTi2O4(OH)2 nanosheets were helpful for lithium insertion and de-intercalation. The sample synthesized at pH=8.3 showed the best electrochemical performances, with first discharge specific capacity of 177.9 mAh/g at 0.1C rate. The CaTi2O4(OH)2 nanosheets might represent an opportunity for the applications in lithium ion battery.

A multinuclear solid-state magnetic resonance and GIPAW DFT study of anhydrous calcium chloride and its hydrates

The group 2 metal halides and corresponding metal halide hydrates serve as useful model systems for understanding the relationship between the electric field gradient (EFG) and chemical shift (CS) tensors at the halogen nuclei and the local molecular and electronic structure. Here, we present a 35/37Cl and 43Ca solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) study of CaCl2. The 35Cl nuclear quadrupole coupling constant, 8.82(8) MHz, and the isotropic chlorine CS, 105(8) ppm (with respect to dilute NaCl(aq)), are different from the values reported previously for this compound, as well as those reported for CaCl2·2H2O. Chlorine-35 SSNMR spectra are also presented for CaCl2·6H2O, and when taken in concert, the SSNMR observations for CaCl2, CaCl2·2H2O, and CaCl2·6H2O clearly demonstrate the sensitivity of the chlorine EFG and CS tensors to the local symmetry and to changes in the hydration state. For example, the value of δiso decreases with increasing hydration. Gauge-including projector-augmented wave (GIPAW) density functional theory (DFT) calculations are used to substantiate the experimental SSNMR findings, to rule out the presence of other hydrates in our samples, to refine the hydrogen positions in CaCl2·2H2O, and to explore the isostructural relationship between CaCl2 and CaBr2. Finally, the 43Ca CS tensor span is measured to be 31(5) ppm for anhydrous CaCl2, which represents only the fifth CS tensor span measurement for calcium.