KINETICS ASPECT OF HYDROCHEMICAL FLUORINATION OF SILICON-CONTAINING INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Предложен способ получения высокодисперсного аморфного кремнезема из отходов обогащения низкотитанистых ванадий содержащих титаномагнетитов АО «ЕВРАЗ Качканарский ГОК» - хвостов мокрой магнитной сепарации. Применение раствора гидрофторида аммония ( NHHF) позволяет практически селективно извлечь кремний в раствор в виде гексафторосиликата аммония. Степень извлечения кремния раствором 1,0 - 2,5 мас.% NHHF за 6 часов составляет 46%. Диффузионный процесс выщелачивания кремния из ХММС описывается кинетическим уравнением 1 -(1 -а) = 0,0043• exp(-5230/RT)-г . Аморфный кремнезем SiO, полученный золь- гель методом из фторидного кремнийсодержащего раствора, имеет высокоразвитую поверхность S = 320 м/г, рассчитанный из средней плотности «белой сажи» размер частиц составляет d = 10 нм. Увеличение концентрации NHHF до 20 мас.% приводит к повышению растворимости кремния, а также других компонентов хвостов мокрой магнитной сепарации, которые являются нежелательными примесями в конечном продукте SiO. В целом показана перспективность гидрохимического выщелачивания кремнийсодержащих промышленных отходов - хвостов мокрой магнитной сепарации слабыми растворами гидрофторида аммония для синтеза чистого аморфного SiO. A method for producing amorphous silica from the enrichment wastes of low-titanium vanadium containing titanomagnetites of JSC «EVRAZ ZSMK» - wet magnetic separation tailings is proposed. The use of a NHHF solution makes it possible to practically selectively extract silicon into the solution in the form of ammonium hexafluorosilicate. The extraction of silicon with 1,0 - 2,5 wt.% NHHF solution for 6 hours reached 46%. The diffusion process of the silicon extraction is described by the kinetic equation 1 - (1 - a) = 0,0043 • exp(-5230 / RT)• t . Amorphous silica obtained by the sol-gel method from a fluoride silicon-containing solution has a highly developed surface 320 m/g, the particle size calculated from the average density of «white carbon black» is of 10 nm. The increase in concentration to 20 wt. % NHHF leads to the rise of the silicon solubility and of other tailings components, which are unwanted impurities in the final product. In general, it is shown that the hydrochemical leaching of silicon-containing industrial waste - tailings with weak solutions of ammonium hydrofluoride is promising for the synthesis of pure amorphous silica.

A Comparative Study of Atmospheric Chemistry with VULCAN

We present an update of the open-source photochemical kinetics code VULCAN to include C–H–N–O–S networks and photochemistry. The additional new features are advection transport, condensation, various boundary conditions, and temperature-dependent UV cross sections. First, we validate our photochemical model for hot Jupiter atmospheres by performing an intercomparison of HD 189733b models between Moses et al., Venot et al., and VULCAN, to diagnose possible sources of discrepancy. Second, we set up a model of Jupiter extending from the deep troposphere to upper stratosphere to verify the kinetics for low temperature. Our model reproduces hydrocarbons consistent with observations, and the condensation scheme successfully predicts the locations of water and ammonia ice clouds. We show that vertical advection can regulate the local ammonia distribution in the deep atmosphere. Third, we validate the model for oxidizing atmospheres by simulating Earth and find agreement with observations. Last, VULCAN is applied to four representative cases of extrasolar giant planets: WASP-33b, HD 189733b, GJ 436b, and 51 Eridani b. We look into the effects of the C/O ratio and chemistry of titanium/vanadium species for WASP-33b, we revisit HD 189733b for the effects of sulfur and carbon condensation, the effects of internal heating and vertical mixing (K zz) are explored for GJ 436b, and we test updated planetary properties for 51 Eridani b with S8 condensates. We find that sulfur can couple to carbon or nitrogen and impact other species, such as hydrogen, methane, and ammonia. The observable features of the synthetic spectra and trends in the photochemical haze precursors are discussed for each case.

Analyzing metallurgical interaction during arc surfacing of barrier layers on titanium to prevent the formation of intermetallics in titanium-steel compounds

This paper considers a possibility to obtain high-quality butt junctions of bimetallic sheets from steel clad with a layer of titanium, with the use of barrier layers. The task that was tackled related to preventing the formation of Ti-Fe intermetallic phases (IMPs) between the steel and titanium layer. The barrier layers (height ~0.5 mm) of vanadium and copper alloys were surfaced by arc techniques while minimizing the level of thermal influence on the base metal. To this end, plasma surfacing with a current-driving wire and pulsed MAG surfacing were used. The obtained samples were examined by methods of metallography, X-ray spectral microanalysis, durometric analysis. It has been established that when a layer of vanadium is plated on the surface of titanium, a defect-free structure of variable composition (53.87–65.67) wt % Ti with (33.93–45.54) wt % V is formed without IMPs. The subsequent surfacing of steel on a layer of vanadium leads to the formation of eutectics (hardness up to 5,523 MPa) in the fusion zone, as well as to the evolution of cracks. To prevent the formation of IMPs, a layer of bronze CuBe2 was deposited on the surface of vanadium. The formed layer contributed to the formation of a grid of hot cracks. In the titanium-vanadium-copper transition zones (0.1–0.2 mm wide), a fragile phase was observed. To eliminate this drawback, the bronze CuBe2 was replaced with bronze CuSi3Mn1; a defect-free junction was obtained. When using a barrier layer with CuSi3Mn1, a defect-free junction was obtained (10–30 % Ti; 18–50 % Fe; 5–25 % Cu). The study reported here makes it possible to recommend CuSi3Mn1 as a barrier layer for welding bimetallic sheets "steel-titanium". One of the applications of the research results could be welding of longitudinally welded pipes of main oil and gas pipelines formed from bimetallic sheets of steel clad with titanium.

Morphology of the surface of d-transition metal alloys of the IV period after CBN grinding

Studies have been carried out when grinding alloys based on titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, cobalt and nickel. According to the condition of the neat surface, the alloys are divided into groups. The regularities of changes in the roughness parameters of Ra and Rsm are investigated. The parameter of the average density of the peaks of the grains forming the elements of the surface roughness profile has been introduced, the relationship of the introduced parameter with Ra is shown. It is established that when grinding all alloys, the treated surface is impregnated by the wear products of the abrasive tool. Electronic photographs of objects are given. The possible sizes of embedded crystals are determined.