International Survey on the Use of Emerging Technologies Among Forensic and Correctional Mental Health Professionals

Although the global diffusion of e-mental health has increased in recent years, research on the use of technologies in criminal justice settings is limited. To bridge this knowledge gap, we conducted an international online survey ( N = 555) of forensic and correctional mental health professionals from Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States, and 20 additional countries. Telecommunication technologies and mental health platforms had the highest numbers of users, the broadest scope, and the largest increase in use due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In contrast, the use of social media and advanced technologies was lower, narrower in scope, and remained the same or decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Respondents’ age, professional discipline, country, and clinical setting significantly predicted total technology use in clinical practice. The study findings provide an overview of the current patterns of technology use and point to opportunities for research and development.

The Development of the Center for Forensic Behavioral Science

This chapter describes a large collaborative project based in Melbourne, Australia, between a public agency providing forensic and correctional mental health services and a research and training center at Swinburne University of Technology. There are several aspects of this partnership that make it distinctive. First, the size of the initiative and the number of individuals working on it is striking. Second, the collaboration has grown very substantially but also evolved through various changes in partners, thus illustrating the importance of flexibility and adaptiveness. Third, it is the only example of a collaborative project of the kind discussed in this volume that is based outside of the United States. It clearly illustrates the value that can be provided through such a partnership, and has important implications for similar partnerships on a large scale.

Discrimination and Calibration Properties of the Level of Service Inventory–Ontario Revision in a Correctional Mental Health Sample

We examined the predictive properties of the Level of Service Inventory–Ontario Revision (LSI-OR) in a sample of 604 provincially incarcerated men with mental illness from a correctional mental health facility followed up nearly 2 years after release. Recidivism base rates and LSI-OR scores were relatively consistent across major mental disorder categories, but higher among individuals with personality disorder, substance use disorder, or dual diagnosis. LSI-OR scores predicted general and violent recidivism in the overall sample and among specific diagnostic groups. Calibration analyses were conducted to model 1-year recidivism estimates for the overall sample and among individual diagnostic groups associated with individual LSI-OR scores. Good correspondence was observed among the different diagnostic groups, with some difference in recidivism trajectories given the differences in base rate. The results support the predictive properties of the LSI-OR with correctional mental health samples and inform the recidivism estimates associated with LSI-OR scores in this population.

Correctional psychiatry in Nigeria: dynamics of mental healthcare in the most restrictive alternative

Nigeria has poorly structured services for correctional mental health driven by a mix of socioeconomic and legal factors. The archaic asylum systems established in the early part of the 20th century under the Lunacy ordinance of 1916 are no longer fit for purpose. The present strategy is to provide mental healthcare for mentally abnormal offenders within some prisons in the country. The current models for this are poorly staffed and underfunded. Adoption of task-shifting approaches based on evidence-based strategies within the context of professional innovation, government commitment and international collaboration should help to develop and sustain the needed correctional psychiatry services.

Community re-entry preparation/coordination

The transition from short-term incarceration in jail or longer-term prison sentences back to the community presents substantial challenges for those with mental illness. Approximately 97 percent of all inmates return to the community. This simple reality makes it in society’s enlightened self-interest to be concerned with the readiness of these former inmates to live a productive life. The criminal justice and correctional treatment systems affect an inmate’s behavior and opportunities upon release. Successful reentry planning considers multiple interrelated issues (entitlements, housing, treatment needs, and so forth) when building an individualized plan to address them. It begins at admission (or even sentencing) and continues after release. Rather than considering incarceration to be an isolated event, reentry planning views incarceration as part of a cycle to be disrupted through targeted intervention. Correctional mental health treatment is seen as part of a continuum of care extending to the community. Reentry planning for people with serious mental illness should be a primary focus of correctional mental health care integrated into the treatment function, not an afterthought to be considered only as release is imminent. While acceptance of personal responsibility is a critical antecedent to leading a lawful life, and self-determination a fundamental principle of recovery, it is unrealistic for service providers to rely on the individual to coordinate fragmented public systems. This is the job of those funded to provide services. This chapter presents the current understanding of transition support needs and practices to optimize successful community reentry.

Formative case law and litigation

The presence of comprehensive correctional mental health treatment programs and services in any given jail or prison is often due to successful class action litigation. This chapter reviews the legal and constitutional background for correctional mental health care in the United States and addresses many of the critical ways these courts impact policy and care delivery on a daily basis. Several court decisions have shaped modern correctional mental health care delivery. Officials are obligated under the Eighth Amendment to provide convicted prisoners with adequate medical care, which extends to mental health treatment. Pre-trial detainees also have a right to adequate physical and mental health care under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution). Since the Supreme Court proclaimed that inmates have a constitutional right to adequate health care, much has been written about the controlling decisions, their implications and applications by courts, and their implementation in correctional systems. There are, however, discrete issues related to mental health care in corrections that patients and providers in prisons and jails contend with daily that may not yet be resolved as matters of constitutional law. Case law and litigation are driving innovation in standards of care and enhancing the quality of correctional mental health. These reforms are gaining acceptance as preferred and expected standards of correctional mental health care in jails and prisons, and may reflect the present day ‘evolving standard of decency,’ becoming touchstones of constitutionally adequate care across systems.