Cash Management in Russian Metallurgical and Oil and Gas Companies

The problem of money management has remained relevant over the past years. The aim of the study is to assess the impact of debt and cash flow on the amount of cash on companies with and without financial constraints. The main hypothesis of the study is that the impact of debt and cash flow on the level of cash depends on financial constraints which were taken as two proxy variables – dividend payment and bond rating. To substantiate the hypothesis put forward, a regression model of the influence of debt and cash flow on the level of cash is built in the work. For the analysis, large Russian companies in the metallurgical and oil and gas industries were sorted in accordance with financial constraints. Based on the results of the constructed regression model, the following conclusions can be drawn. Borrowed funds of companies negatively affect the amount of cash on the balance sheet, regardless of the presence andtype of financial constraints. Cash flow is not statistically significant for companies without financial constraints. This study has some limitations. The research results can be useful for corporate CFOs in order to optimize cash balances.

The Effect Of Profitability, Liquidity, Leverage On Bond Rating Of Financial Companies

This research was ain determine and analyze the effect of Simultaneous and Partial on Current Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio, and Return On Assets on Bond Ratings in financial sector companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2016-2019 period. The population of this reserach is the financial sector companies as many as 94 companies. The sampling method used purposive sampling, and the number of samples obtained was 18 companies. This type of research is quantitative descriptive using multiple linear regression analysis method. The results of this research show that the variables Current Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio, and Return On Assets simultaneously have a significant effect on the Bond Rating of financial sector companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2016-2019. Partially, Current Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio, and Return On Assets have a significant positive effect on Bond Ratings for financial sector companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2016-2019.

Proximity to broad bond rating change and CEO power

PurposeBorderline firms whose bond rating has a plus or minus specification by a rating agency face a greater potential for an upgrade or downgrade by the agency. The authors examine the level of chief executive officer (CEO) power in firms with a plus or minus bond rating. The authors test whether CEOs of these firms become more or less powerful, along with the effect of corporate governance and existing bond rating.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use a panel sample with 16,429 observations from 1992 to 2016 from the ExecuComp database.FindingsThe authors find that CEOs of borderline-rated firms tend to be less powerful, relative to firms with a non-proximate rating. This result is largely present in firms with a plus rating. The authors also find that our primary findings are mainly driven by firms with low bond ratings (i.e. below investment grade) or by firms with weak corporate governance. Lastly, the authors document that CEO personal characteristics (i.e. CEO age, gender and tenure) impact our findings.Research limitations/implicationsFirst, firms in our sample are large public companies, and the external validity of our results to smaller firms that may also be private is unknown. Second, the Compustat database discontinued reporting bond rating data (i.e. S&P bond ratings) in 2017. Hence, the authors are unable to analyze the CEO power of borderline firms in years after 2016.Practical implicationsThe study contributes to the larger debate on whether having powerful CEOs is beneficial to an organization or not, because prior research has examined the consequences of CEO power with mixed results. The authors document evidence to support the research stream that links CEO power to negative consequences.Social implicationsThe authors find that our primary results are enhanced in firms with weak corporate governance, which is consistent with prior research that finds effective governance may mitigate CEO power and agency problems between the CEO and the Board.Originality/valuePrior research primarily uses CEO power as a driver for performance. Our study focuses on CEO power as a dependent variable, with the bond rating change proximity as a driver of CEO power. The authors believe that this helps develop a more comprehensive understanding of CEO power.

Sowing the Seeds of a Future Crisis: The SEC and the Emergence of the Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization (NRSRO) Category, 1971–1975

Since 2008, academics and policymakers have frequently debated why bond rating agencies such as Moody's, S&P, and Fitch enjoy considerable power and influence. The 2008 financial crisis focused our attention on the bond rating agencies that had previously categorized mortgage-backed securities as investment grade. Scholars have attributed the power enjoyed by the rating agencies to regulations that confer a privileged status on those agencies that are designated as nationally recognized statistical rating organizations (NRSROs) by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). While these authors mention in passing that the relevant regulation went into effect in 1975, none has conducted archival research to examine why this regulation was introduced at that time. This article is the first historical investigation of the creation of this crucial regulation, which entrenched the concept of the NRSRO in federal securities law. It shows that the SEC mandated the use of NRSRO-created ratings even though SEC officials vigorously debated whether it was wise for the commission to endorse ratings produced by agencies that operate on the basis of the controversial issuer-pay model. This article contributes to our understanding of the SEC's role in the development of the distinctive features of American capitalism.

DERERMINANTS OF ISLAMIC BOND MARKET REACTION Empirical Study of Islamic Bond in Indonesia

The main objective of this study is to examine several factors that cause islamic bonds market reaction as measured by cumulative abnormal return. The factors that are believed to be the determinants of islamic bond market reaction are the value of islamic bonds issuance, islamic bond rating, age of islamic bonds and size of the islamic bond issuing company. The population in this study are companies that issue Islamic bonds and are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange with a four-year observation period (2015-2018). The sample selection in this study uses purposive sampling based on certain criteria. In sample selection 36 Islamic bonds were obtained as samples. This study uses secondary data where the data is obtained from the annual report and the website of the issuing company. To test the hypothesis, using a multiple regression analysis tool with a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that the value of Islamic bonds issuance and rating of Islamic bonds issuance had a positive effect on market reaction. While the age of islamic bonds and the firm size have no effect on the reaction of the islamic bond market

Pengaruh Rasio Profitabilitas, Likuiditas, Dan Solvabilitas Terhadap Peringkat Obligasi Syariah (Sukuk)

This study aims to determine the effect of ratio profitability, liquidity and leverage on sharia bond rating (sukuk). The research method in this study uses a quantitative apporoach. There were 13 companies that were used as populations in this study and by using a purposive sampling technique 4 sampels were also obtained. The statistical methods taken in the study are multiple regression analysis using classic assumption test. Based on the variable T test of profitability, it obtained tcount 2.974 > ttable 2.030 and significant value of 0.004 < 0.05. It means that return on asset positively and partially affected sukuk rating. Liquidity obtained tcount -8.927 < ttable 2.030 and significant value of 0.000 < 0.05. It means that Current Ratio partially affected sukuk rating. Leverage ratio obtained tcount 3.362 > ttable 2.030 and significant value of 0.001 < 0.05. It means that Debt to Equity Ratio partially affected sukuk rating. Furthermore, analysis of F test obtained fcount 26.800 > ftable 2.76 and significant value obtained was 0.000 < 0.05 which means that independent variable simultaneously affected sukuk rating. Keywords: Profitability, Liquidity, Leverage and Rating Sukuk

KEMAMPUAN VARIABEL AKUNTANSI DAN NON AKUNTANSI DALAM MEMPREDIKSI BOND RATING DI INDONESIA

Abstrak: Kemampuan Variabel Akuntansi dan Non Akuntansi dalam Memprediksi Bond Rating di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji kemampuan variabel akuntansi dan non akuntansi dalam memprediksi peringkat obligasi pada perusahaan non keuangan di Indonesia. Variabel akuntansi dalam penelitian ini meliputi produktivitas, profitabilitas, solvabilitas, likuiditas, dan leverage. Sedangkan variabel non akuntansi terdiri dari jaminan obligasi, umur obligasi, dan reputasi auditor. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah perusahaan non keuangan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) selama tahun 2013-2016 dan diperingkat oleh PT Pefindo. Dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling, dipilih 120 sampel obligasi. Pengujian hipotesis dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis regresi logistik ordinal. Hasil pengujian hipotesis menunjukkan bahwa solvabilitas terbukti berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap peringkat obligasi, sedangkan leverage terbukti berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap peringkat obligasi. Likuiditas dan umur obligasi memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap peringkat obligasi tetapi dengan hasil yang berlawanan dengan arah prediksi. Artinya likuiditas berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap peringkat obligasi, sedangkan umur obligasi berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap peringkat obligasi. Variabel produktivitas, profitabilitas, likuiditas, jaminan obligasi, dan reputasi auditor tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap prediksi peringkat obligasi.Kata kunci: variabel akuntansi, variabel non akuntansi, reputasi auditor, dan peringkat obligasiAbstract: The Ability of Accounting and Non Accounting Variables in Predicting Bond Rating in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to test the ability of accounting and non-accounting variables in predicting bond ratings of non-financial companies in Indonesia. The accounting variables in this study include productivity, profitability, solvency, liquidity, and leverage. Meanwhile, the non-accounting variables consist of bond guarantees, age of bonds, and auditor reputation. The sample in this study were non-financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during 2013-2016 and rated by PT Pefindo. By using purposive sampling method, 120 bond samples were selected. Hypothesis testing is done using ordinal logistic regression analysis. The results of hypothesis testing show that solvency is proven to have a significant positive effect on bond ratings, while leverage is proven to have a significant negative effect on bond ratings. The liquidity and life of the bonds have a significant effect on the rating of the bonds but with the results in the opposite direction to the prediction. This means that liquidity has a significant negative effect on the bond rating, while the age of the bond has a significant positive effect on the bond rating. The variables of productivity, profitability, liquidity, bond guarantees, and auditor reputation do not significantly influence the prediction of bond ratings.Keywords: accounting variable, non accounting variable, auditor’s reputation, and bond rating

Proximity to broad bond rating change and annual report readability

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the impact of proximity to broad bond rating change on annual report reading difficulty.Design/methodology/approachWe use regression analysis to examine the association between proximity to broad bond rating change and reading difficulty of annual report.FindingsUsing a large panel sample with 11,767 firm-year observations representing 1,474 unique US companies from 1994 to 2016, we find a significant positive relation between proximity to broad bond rating change and annual report reading difficulty, which suggests that the annual reports of borderline firms are difficult for stakeholders to read and understand.Originality/valueBy investigating whether and how borderline firms manipulate readability of annual reports, our study contributes to bond rating research in finance literature and disclosure quality research in accounting literature. To the best of our knowledge, this study is perhaps the first empirical study that directly tests the link between proximity to broad bond rating change and annual report readability. In particular, the majority of prior studies concentrate on the economic consequences of annual report readability, but few studies investigate the determinants of readability. Therefore, examining the impact of proximity to broad bond rating change on readability contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of annual report readability.

Risk Aversion, Behavioral Finance and Green Bonds for the Sustainability of Environmental Assets in Peru

The study objective is to investigate the relationship between behavioral finance and the decision to invest in green bonds for the sustainability of environmental assets in Peru. A survey with behavioral questions was applied to a sample of 54 respondents between July and October 2019. Spearman's rank correlation, independence tests, and logistic regression were used. Significant negative correlations were found between the level of education and risk aversion, and between age and risk aversion. A negative relationship was found between risk aversion and the feeling of comfort when investing in stock market instruments such as green bonds. Aversion to a loss in investment decisions was validated; most people choose low-risk fixed income instruments despite feeling safe investing in stocks. According to the logistic regression, the decision to invest in green bonds to improve environmental quality is explained by the variables “green bond rating” and “feeling of comfort (satisfaction) investing in green bonds.”