Analysis of the Causes of Conflicts at Universities and Alternative Methods of Resolving Them. Part II: Academic Ombudsman and Adjudicative Methods

<p>This study is the second part of the article entitled: <em>Analysis of the Causes of Conflicts at Universities and Alternative Methods of Resolving Them. Part I: Mediation in Academic Disputes</em>. The first part analyzes the causes of conflicts at universities and the basic alternative method of solving them – mediation. The second part focuses on the issue of academic disputes in the context of the court proceeding, and discusses the institutions of the academic ombudsman, arbitration in academic disputes and mixed methods, in particular the Office of Independent Adjudicator. Due to the changing expectations of students towards universities, contractual nature of these relations, increased number of court proceedings brought against universities or anticipation of such an increase, as well as the development of ADR methods in various fields, universities around the world started to look for new ways of solving academic disputes that would protect the independence of universities and at the same time fulfill an educational function. ADR methods such as mediation, ombudsman or arbitration may effectively replace or supplement insufficient internal procedures, as well as court proceedings characterized by high costs, lengthy procedures and formalism. These methods are better adapted to the nature of the academic community, take into account the voice of the participants, give them the opportunity to influence the proceeding and outcome of the dispute, ensure the equality of the parties. They also fulfill educational purposes, especially in disputes involving students, as they give the possibility of ending the dispute through dialogue and taking into account the point of view of the other party.</p>

The Justification for Criminalization of “Simple” Illegal Forest Plantation Felling (Part 1, Article 260 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation)

Taking into account that the problem of illegal forest felling in Russia has not been solved so far, the article studies the justification for criminalization of illegal forest felling in considerable amount provided for under Part 1, Article 260 of the Criminal Code of the RF (“simple” illegal felling of forest plantations). According to the Criminal law theory de facto such offence aspires to complete or partial decriminalization, however, de jure such offence has been significantly criminalized. Referring to the theory of criminalization and decriminalization, the authors defined that criminal public danger possesses 2 subsystems (object and damage), “simple” illegal felling has got only one so-called subsystem, which is valuable object. The second subsystem (damage) is absent. The authors determined the significant amount of illegal felling by analyzing the judicial practice which in turn fails to meet the requirements of the legislation. In order to prosecute somebody for illegal felling it is enough to prove that the only one pine tree 26 cm in diameter and 16 meters high has been illegally cut down. Offenders are more often prosecuted for illegal felling in significant amount (Part 3, Article 260 of the Criminal Code of the RF) than for offence provided for under Part 1, Article 260 of the Criminal Code of the RF. As for the total number of verdicts rendered based on Part 2 and Part 3 of the given article, they are twice higher than the number of verdicts based on Part 1, Article 260. Nevertheless, the circumstances that are being introduced into this law as qualifying cannot go with the absolute majority of offences and become a kind of “standard norm” for them. The elements which characterize the overwhelming majority of the certain types of offences should be acknowledged as the essential elements of an offence. In this context authors assume that such indicator as the significant amount of felling should be considered as a criminalizing element of illegal felling. “Simple” illegal forest felling is to be decriminalized, so that sanctions of Part 1 and Part 2 of Article 8.28 of the Code of Administrative Offences are to be amended as well: fines should be increased, basic alternative kind of punishment should be implemented such as community service as well as supplementary punishment in a form of confiscation of work tool or the target of administrative offence

Rock pressure relief is the basic alternative for sustainable underground mining

Retreat longwall mining is the most productive system for underground extraction of tabulated deposits. However, the steady growth of the mining depth dramatically increased the ground pressure in chain pillars protecting the longwall entries. Therefore, several coal industries have tried to shift to pillarless mining and practiced maintenance of the head or tail entry behind the longwall in the stress relief zones using the backfill bodies in the thin coal seams. We modernized the pillarless variant of the retreat longwall system introducing the third roadway, which is driven in the consolidated goaf behind the moving longwall in a stress relief zone. We used a computer code FLAC3D to simulate stress redistribution during pillarless extraction of adjacent panels that assisted to determine optimal parameters of mining layout. This modernized technology provides for sustainable mining due to enhancement of transport, ventilation, safety conditions, and a comfortable environment because of the stability of the underground roadways, which serve the high productive longwalls.

LYING AND HYPOCRISY IN MORALITY AND POLITICS

Hypocrisy is necessary in politics, especially in democracies, but whilehypocrisy can facilitate democratic cooperation, lying tends to undermine it. Thereare two basic alternative possibilities for how to think about political ethics. Thefirst begins with universal moral principles that are then applied to politics as wellas to other areas of life. In the second approach, instead, each activity or type ofrelationship has its own moral requirements. What is it about politics that makeshypocrisy and lying either morally legitimate or morally illegitimate? For the firstapproach, lying and hypocrisy are vices, whereas for the second, they may beconsidered as virtuous under certain circumstances. Hypocrisy is necessarybecause political relationships are relationships of dependence among peoplewhose interests do not exactly coincide. To secure supporters and coalition partnersrequires a certain amount of pretense. The case of lying, however, is quite differentdue to three additional characteristics of political relationships: cooperation overtime requires trust; accountability requires transparency; and consensus requiresa shared sense of reality. Lying undermines all three. Thus, truthfulness is amongthe political virtues even if exceptions sometimes must be made. Today, “post-truth”politics (“New Lying”), threatens to create a dangerous indifference to the truth anda cynical, wholesale acceptance of political lying.

Pengaruh Perendaman Nilon Termoplastik Dalam Berbagai Konsentrasi Ekstrak Bunga Cengkeh Terhadap Modulus Elastisitas (The Effect of Thermoplastic Nylon Immersion In Various Concentration of Clove Flower Extract to the Modulus Elasticity)

Background:Thermoplastic nylon is one of denture basic alternative made by resin polyamide because its high flexibility and good translutient, but hard to be smoothed and polished causing food waste accumulation and plaque formation. Clove flower extract proved as antiseptic used to be a denture cleanser material, but its contens of phenol essence can break the thermoplastic nylon chain. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of thermoplastic nylon immersion in various concentration: 0,8%, 1%, 1,2%, 1,4% and 1,6%, of clove flower extract to the modulus elasticity. Materials and Methods: This study was an laboratories experimental using post-test only control group design. The samples in 65 mm x 10 mm x 2,5 mm size were 30 samples. Those samples grouped into 6 groups immersed in aquadest and clove flower extract solution that is grouped based on the concentrations: 0,8%, 1%, 1,2%, 1,4% and 1,6% for 23 days. The modulus elasticity of thermoplastic nylon measured with Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Data was analysed using One Way Anova. Result and Conclusions: the conclusion of this study represented that thermoplastic nylon plates immersion in clove flower extract at the concentration 0,8%, 1%, 1,2%, 1,4% and 1,6% was affected the modulus elasticitys. The most effective clove extract concentration to be use as denture cleanser was 1,6% because it has the lowest increasing value of nylon thermoplastic modulus elasticity. Keyword: Clove flower extract, modulus elasticity, thermoplastic nylon.

Assessments of Modal Split in Long-distance Passenger Transport

The goal of this paper is to present basic alternative assessments of the division of transport work (or also “modal split”) of main transport modes. For this, an example of selected long-distance connections between centres in Czechia, including an identification of major underlying factors, shall be exploited. The paper examines the competitiveness of rail transport in its relation to bus and individual automobile transport, and relations with a potential of rail transport are primarily selected. A logit model is applied within the selected set of relations. It is entered in particular by indicators of time (time of a ride, frequency of public transport lines) and finances (actual transport costs) through a financial expression of generalised costs. The purpose of the paper is to verify the selected procedure on the relations transport modes of which are similar, and to highlight the alternatives of a comprehensive assessment of the modal split of main transport modes in Czechia. In the conclusion, the gained results are used to outline further alternative prospects of the topic under observation.

Help That Harms and Help That Helps: Working With Young People on Psychiatric Drugs

This article presents the case of a 16-year-old adolescent, Rob, to explore the fact that working as a counseling psychologist is much more complicated than the issues of family, developmental, relational, and psychological distress that might have been studied in graduate school or in continuing education. I use Rob’s, and his mother’s, situation as a focal point to bring attention and perspective to the great challenges and complications of working with young people on psychiatric drugs, examining how previous help has harmed and makes it exceedingly difficult to help now. I present specific data on societal trends and factors that make it very difficult to deal with challenging young people in the midst of our own struggles to survive in a very challenging world, to think beyond the current stress or crisis and, to remember the big picture—to recall and hold the image of a child or adolescent as a self-willed, autonomous, self-organizing young adult. I also present ideas and attitudes that might be helpful in overcoming some of the obstacles and suggest maturity coaching as a basic alternative to a typical emphasis on behavior management.

Prediction of Longevity of Volunteer Service: A Basic Alternative Proposal

A problem for many organizations is the low continuity of volunteers. Diverse theoretical models have been developed to explain sustained volunteerism, but most of these models have focused on the study of welfare volunteerism and not have verified whether their results could be generalized to other types of volunteerism. In this study, we propose a basic model to explain sustained volunteerism in any type of volunteerism. The aim of this study is to examine this basic model empirically in a sample of socio-assistential volunteers and in a sample of environmental volunteers. For this purpose, 290 volunteers completed a questionnaire and subsequently, two telephone follow-ups were carried out to determine whether the volunteers remained in the NGO one year later. The results show that the basic model offers an acceptable explanation of sustained volunteerism in the two types of volunteer samples studied, but it accounted for a low percentage of variance of the duration of service in both samples. Various relevant implications for the practical management of volunteerism in organizations are derived from theses findings.

Losing Control

This book belongs to the field of international relations. Its specializationis in the subfield of international security, with a critique of the realist paradigm– or power and control orientation in international politics. Itsmain argument is that the dominant realist approach in international securityis unsustainable due to the equalizing effects of terrorism and the proliferationof weapons of mass destruction (WMD). The dangerous“revolts at the margins” threaten the status quo. The book is a plea to stateofficials in the Middle East, the United States, Europe, Russia, transnationalcorporations, and international organizations to adopt attitudes conduciveto justice.Since Rogers is questioning the extant realist orientation, one wouldexpect him to outline the basic alternative principles for conducting internationalpolitics that could ensure justice, peace, and stability. Perhaps hisheavy engagement with how the West tries to maintain control of the internationalorder – as seen from the book’s title and discussions – weakenedthis perspective. The basic tension of what ought to be the correct rationalstructure of international interdependence, that which could enable this system“break out of the narrow view” or one-sided “perceptions” (p. 38), isnot clarified. In short, what Rogers sees as replacing the old paradox (thecold war) for the present one (“violent peace”) is actually a continuation of ...