Legitimizing through entrepreneurial networking

This chapter presents an entrepreneurship-as-networking perspective on new venture legitimacy. New ventures are more likely to survive and perform when various audiences and stakeholders perceive their activities as legitimate. This is especially true when new ventures are pursuing something novel and innovative. Therefore, it is crucial for new ventures to gain legitimacy. In this chapter, viewing legitimacy predominantly as a process and concurrently distinguishing processes related to types of legitimacy, the authors theorize how entrepreneurs incorporate various audiences and their judgments into their active networking, thus shaping the legitimacy process. The interactions between various audiences and the entrepreneur take form through different legitimacy strategies—that is, identity-seeking strategies, associative strategies, and networking strategies—resulting in legitimacy judgments by audiences. Under conditions of high uncertainty, the legitimacy judgment as the outcome of the social interactions is co-created by audiences and entrepreneurs and is diffused outside local networks to the broader society through distributed brokerage.

Implementation and maintenance of a community intervention for refugee youth with symptoms of PTSD

Background Transferring effective health and wellbeing interventions into community-based settings is challenging, with many only ever implemented in the academic settings in which they were developed. Over the last few years, Teaching Recovery Techniques (TRT), a community-based intervention for refugee youth reporting symptoms of post-traumatic stress, has been scaled up across Sweden using the model of a distribution network pathway. This means the lead organisation works with a distribution organisation using the latter's existing network of implementing organisations. Often the distribution partner is a national organisation with many local member agencies. The model offers possibility for quick spread, but only allows for a low level of control at the local site level. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors and agents that have facilitated the implementation and maintenance of TRT from successful sites, in order to inform ongoing efforts to scale up the intervention. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with personnel from 'successful' TRT sites, defined as having conducted at least two TRT groups and maintaining full delivery of the programme. Interview data were analysed using content analysis. Results Our results indicated that active networking and collaboration were key to successful maintenance of TRT delivery. Active recruitment strategies, resource availability and management, and careful integration of the interpreter were also raised as important factors. Conclusions Although the interviewed professionals represented successful sites, they remained dependent on informal networks and collaboration for programme delivery. The possibility of integrating TRT into a local stepped-care model for post-traumatic stress in refugee children and adolescents will be presented. Key messages Transferring effective health and wellbeing interventions into community-based settings is challenging, with many only ever implemented in the academic settings in which they were developed. Active networking and collaboration are key to successful maintenance of community interventions.

Sustainability of Live Video Streamer’s Strategies: Live Streaming Video Platform and Audience’s Social Capital in South Korea

Live streamers’ power and attraction influence consumer behavior. This study focuses on streamer-central formed social capital and the relationship between streamers and audiences on live streaming video platforms (LSVP). First, we explored the impact of trust, norm of reciprocity, and network on social capital formation. Second, we investigated the effect of social capital on streamers’ attributes (attractiveness, expertise, and trustworthiness) and on the audience’s social capital formation. The main findings show that trust and network positively affect social capital. Social capital increases the level of streamers’ attractiveness, expertise, and trustworthiness perceived by the audience, which facilitates sustainable development of the LSVP and the streamer. Perceived streamers’ attractiveness negatively affects social capital formation, while perceived expertise positively affects it. To promote social capital development, streamers and operators of LSVPs should continuously emphasize social capital formation. Moreover, LSVPs should provide audiences with novel and interesting content to enable active networking. For sustainable development of LSVPs, when providing live streaming video services, streamers should deliver content that the audience perceives as based on their expertise rather than on their physical attractiveness.

The Exokernel Operating System and Active Networks

There are two forces that are demanding a change in the traditional design of operating systems. One force requires a more flexible operating system that can accommodate the evolving requirements of new hardware and new user applications. The other force requires an operating system that is fast enough to keep pace with faster hardware and faster communication speeds. If a radical change in operating system design is not implemented soon, the traditional operating system will become the performance bottle-neck for computers in the very near future. The Exokernel Operating System, developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, is an operating system that meets the needs of increased speed and increased flexibility. The Exokernel is extensible, which means that it is easily modified. The Exokernel can be easily modified to meet the requirements of the latest hardware or user applications. Ease in modification also means the Exokernel’s performance can be optimized to meet the speed requirements of faster hardware and faster communication. In this chapter, the author explores some details of the Exokernel Operating System. He also explores Active Networking, which is a technology that exploits the extensibility of the Exokernel. His investigation reveals the strengths of the Exokernel as well as some of its design concerns. He concludes his discussion by embracing the Exokernel Operating System and by encouraging more research into this approach to operating system design.