Simulation and Optimization Design of SiC-Based PN Betavoltaic Microbattery Using Tritium Source

In this paper, the Monte Carlo method and numerical model are used to build the electrical model of a SiC-based betavoltaic microbattery using a 3H source, and the influences of structural parameters and the surface recombination effect on the output characteristics of the SiC PN battery are simulated. According to Monte Carlo calculations based on the energy spectrum of the 3H source, the ionization energy deposition approaches the exponential distribution along the depth direction, and most of the 22rs are concentrated near the material surface. The ionization energy deposition data is converted into non-equilibrium carrier information for the numerical simulation of the battery’s output characteristics. The simulation results show that the conversion efficiency of the battery rises first, and then decreases with the increase of the doping concentration of the N region. This is because the N region-doping affects the depletion region width and the built-in electrical potential at the same time. After considering the surface recombination effect, the conversion efficiency decreased significantly. Thinning the thickness of or moderately reducing the doping concentration of the P region will weaken the surface recombination effect.

Enhancing Performance of SnO2-Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using ZnO Passivation Layer

Although liquid electrolyte based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) have shown higher photovoltaic performance in their class, they still suffer from some practical limitations such as solvent evaporation, leakage, and sealing imperfections. These problems can be circumvented to a certain extent by replacing the liquid electrolytes with quasi-solid-state electrolytes. Even though SnO2shows high election mobility when compared to the semiconductor material commonly used in DSCs, the cell performance of SnO2-based DSCs is considerably low due to high electron recombination. This recombination effect can be reduced through the use of ultrathin coating layer of ZnO on SnO2nanoparticles surface. ZnO-based DSCs also showed lower performance due to its amphoteric nature which help dissolve in slightly acidic dye solution. In this study, the effect of the composite SnO2/ZnO system was investigated. SnO2/ZnO composite DSCs showed 100% and 38% increase of efficiency compared to the pure SnO2-based and ZnO-based devices, respectively, with the gel electrolyte consisting of LiI salt.

Enhancement Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells from Black Rice as Dye and Black Ink as Counter Electrode with Inserting Copper on the Space between TiO2 Particle’s by Using Electroplating Method

In this study, we report well performance of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) coated with copper (Cu) by using the electroplating method. The Cu nanoparticle was impregnated into the pore of the titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin film. Particle contact between Cu and TiO2 plays important role to reduce the recombination effect of the electron and also lead to increase the electron transport in DSSC cell. Here, we used natural dye extracted from black rice and carbon from black ink as counter electrode. It is found that efficiency of DSSC coated with Cu nanoparticle is higher than pure DSSC which is obtained from I-V characterization. It shows that efficiency of DSSC is about 0.019% without coating Cu and enhanced about 0.105% after coating Cu. The analysis of internal resistance of DSSC was measured from Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) characterization.

Estimation of additive and non-additive effects on milk production traits in Iranian Holstein crossbred population

Direct and interactive effect (individual and maternal heterosis) was estimated using data from rotational crosses between Holsteins with Iranian native breeds. Traits of interest were milk yield, fat yield, fat percent and milk days. Complete data were available on 155240 animals from 1991 through 2003. Direct additive’s effect, individual heterosis, maternal heterosis and recombination (interactions between presences of Holstein gene in two parents) effects were estimated by multiple regression method in SAS 8.2 with mixed models procedure. The least squares means of milk yield, fat yield, fat percent and milk days were 2722.68±1 541.12 kg, 122.97±47.40 kg, 3.97±0.73 percent and 260.10±89.51 days respectively. All direct and indirect genetic effects are significant in milk and milk days traits (P<0.05). Individual and maternal heterosis and recombination effect are not significant on fat yield and fat percent traits. The individual and recombination effect were negative effect on milk yield. The result suggested that the Holstein is a favourable breed for crossbreeding program in developing country as Iran.