A comprehensive catalogue of solar wind properties and events in the inner heliosphere

<p>The evolving ambient solar wind is one of the key links between the Sun and planetary bodies in our solar system. Here we present a comprehensive catalogue of solar wind properties, stream interaction regions, and coronal mass ejections at different locations in the inner heliosphere. Our database incorporates observational data products and also solar wind modelling results. The solar wind modelling is based on two different approaches for modelling the conditions in the ambient solar wind. While the WSA/THUX model combination solves the viscous form of the underlying Burgers equation to compute the two-dimensional solar wind conditions in our solar system, the second approach is a computationally fast machine learning method for predicting the ambient solar wind flows at Earth. Statistics of the ambient solar wind model results for more than 15 years in combination with a catalogue of coronal mass ejections observed at the Earth, Mars and STEREO satellites along with stream interaction regions provide a comprehensive overview of the past and present solar wind behaviour for shaping planetary space weather.</p>

Seismic and Wind Performance of Multi-storeyed Building with Plan and Vertical Irregularities

It is a big challenge that the tall buildings must withstand the various forces acting from different directions and aspects such as seismic and wind forces while designing the tall structures it is mandatory to deeply understand the seismic and wind behaviour of multi-storeyed buildings. In this study we are concerned to determine and analyse the seismic and wind behaviour of high-rise buildings some of which were regular and other had irregularities in them in their plan and elevations. Three G+30 storied buildings were considered which were situated in seismic Zone-V and analysis were carried out using response spectrum method as per IS 1893- 2016 on ETABS software. Each building is subjected to wind load at different terrain categories to examine its effects at different slopes as per IS 875 Part 3 2015.Various parameters like Auto lateral load, maximum storey displacement, maximum storey drift, overturning moment, storey shear and time period were considered in this study. It is concluded that vertical irregular building in terrain category-4 with ground slope less than 3 degree’s provides greater resistance against both seismic and wind loading among all buildings.

WiSED: A Quality-Controlled Surface Wind European Database

<p>Surface wind is a fundamental meteorological variable that is relevant for a wide array of topics (e.g., crop growth, extreme events, power generation). Yet, for many regions, there is still a scarcity of good quality observational datasets and the uncertainties within data sources like reanalysis products and between those and observational databases are large, limiting the understanding of this variable and hampering the accuracy of subsequent analyses.</p><p>In order to address this need and within the frame of the NEWA's (New European Wind Atlas) project, a quality-controlled Wind Surface European Database (WiSED) is created. WiSED feeds from eight different datasets, provided by different institutions and with varying levels of quality control. This initial version is then submitted to a Quality Control (QC) process structured into six phases that deal with the detection of various issues in data quality: 1) compilation; 2) duplication errors; 3) physical consistency in the ranges of recorded values; 4) temporal consistency, regarding abnormally high/low variability in the time series; 5) detection of medium-term biases; and 6) removal of isolated records. The first three phases deal with issues often related to data storage and management, whereas the last three phases deal with measurement errors related to problems in the instruments, calibration procedures or siting.</p><p>The improved quality of the data and the high temporal and spatial resolution, as well as its spatial coverage, represents an added value over previous products available for the same region. </p><p>This work summarises the application of the quality control, showing the results of different steps throughout it. Additionally, a preliminary analysis of the surface wind behaviour over Europe is presented.</p><p>With a maximum timespan of about 100 years, the creation of such database will allow for analyzing different aspects of both wind speed and direction variability over Europe from intra-daily to multidecadal timescales. Within the potentially relevant applications, it is worth to mention: the identification of subregions in Europe with homogeneous wind behaviour (regionalization), statistical downscaling exercises, analyses of wind extremes, wind power assessment and evaluation of climate model, both global and regional, simulations.</p>

Typhoon 9707 observations with the MU radar and L-band boundary layer radar

Typhoon 9707 (Opal) was observed with the VHF-band Middle and Upper atmosphere (MU) radar, an L-band boundary layer radar (BLR), and a vertical-pointing C-band meteorological radar at the Shigaraki MU Observatory in Shiga prefecture, Japan on 20 June 1997. The typhoon center passed about 80 km southeast from the radar site. Mesoscale precipitating clouds developed due to warm-moist airmass transport from the typhoon, and passed over the MU radar site with easterly or southeasterly winds. We primarily present the wind behaviour including the vertical component which a conventional meteorological Doppler radar cannot directly observe, and discuss the relationship between the wind behaviour of the typhoon and the precipitating system. To investigate the dynamic structure of the typhoon, the observed wind was divided into radial and tangential wind components under the assumption that the typhoon had an axi-symmetric structure. Altitude range of outflow ascended from 1–3 km to 2–10 km with increasing distance (within 80–260 km range) from the typhoon center, and in-flow was observed above and below the outflow. Outflow and inflow were associated with updraft and downdraft, respectively. In the tangential wind, the maximum speed of counterclockwise winds was confirmed at 1–2 km altitudes. Based on the vertical velocity and the reflectivity obtained with the MU radar and the C-band meteorological radar, respectively, precipitating clouds, accompanied by the wind behaviour of the typhoon, were classified into stratiform and convective precipitating clouds. In the stratiform precipitating clouds, a vertical shear of radial wind and the maximum speed of counterclockwise wind were observed. There was a strong reflectivity layer called a ‘bright band’ around the 4.2 km altitude. We confirmed strong updrafts and down-drafts below and above it, respectively, and the existence of a relatively dry layer around the bright band level from radiosonde soundings. In the convective precipitating clouds, the regions of strong and weak reflectivities were well associated with those of updraft and downdraft, respectively.Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (mesoscale meteorology; precipitation) Radio science (remote sensing)