Wordform variability in infants' language environment and its effects on early word learning

We explore wordform variability in a naturalistic environment by looking at wordplay (e.g. ''dog~doggy''), where multiple different wordforms composed of different sounds can be used to pick out the same object in the world. In this chapter, we characterize concrete noun wordplay in speech to 44 infants, looking at both the frequency of wordplay and the ways in which wordplay forms differ from the adult form. We also look at wordform variability wholesale, examining relationships between how many different wordforms exist per lemma in children's language environments. We find that wordplay occurs with a limited number of lemmas that are usually early-learned, highly-frequent, and shorter. We find that wordplay rates by themselves do not predict learning, suggesting that infants who hear a higher proportion of unconventional wordforms do not lag behind as a result. When looking at wordform variability beyond just wordplay, we find that infants who hear more wordforms per lemma also say more words in our recordings. Furthermore, we find that individual words with higher levels of wordform variability are learned earlier than words with fewer wordforms, over and above the effect of frequency.

A Comparative Morphological Approach to Class Maintaining Derivational Affixes in English and Kurdish

This paper is a comparative morphological study of some class maintaining derivational affixes that do not alter the grammatical categories lexemes in Standard English and Central Kurdish from the standpoints of Generative Morphology. For the comparative analysis of the two languages, some of the derivational affixes that form new meanings from the existing lexemes and retain the grammatical categories of the newly derived lexemes have been classified. The main aim of the study is to identify the points of similarity and difference of class maintaining derivational affixes in both languages. The findings indicate that in the addition of nominal affixes, English and Kurdish are similar in that ‘concrete nouns’ could remain concrete nouns, as well as could convert into abstract nouns by adding certain affixes. In English, a prefix can also be added to a concrete noun to derive a new concrete noun, whereas in Kurdish, only a prefix can be added to an abstract noun to form a concrete noun. In the addition of adjectival affixes, both languages are similar in that adjectives can derive new adjectives by attaching some prefixes and some suffixes to the existing lexemes. In English, the cardinal numbers remain cardinals when the suffixes –teen and –ty are attached to them, whereas in Kurdish the only rare case can be seen when the suffix –a is attached to the two cardinal numerals hawt/ haft ‘seven’ and hašt ‘eight’. The suffixes –th in English and -(h)am and -(h)amin in Kurdish can be attached to the cardinal numbers to form the ordinal numbers.

Psychometric Evaluation of an Episodic Future Thinking Variant of the Autobiographical Memory Test – Episodic Future Thinking-Test (EFT-T)

Future-oriented variants of the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT) are often used to assess the generation of specific episodic future thoughts, however, as yet the underlying factor structure of items in this modified test has not been examined. Therefore, over two studies we examined the factor structure and validity of an episodic future thinking variant of the Autobiographical Memory Test (Episodic Future Thinking-Test; EFT-T). In Study 1, exploratory factor analysis ( N = 466) showed a one-factor structure underlying responses to positive, negative, and concrete noun cue words on the EFT-T. In Study 2, confirmatory factor analysis with a different sample ( N = 304) and using different cue words showed a good fit for a single-factor structure. In both studies, good convergent validity was found with scores on the EFT-T correlating with autobiographical memory specificity scores, with support for divergent factors also. Mixed support was found for associations with measures of mental imagery, and the implications for measurement are discussed. These studies provide the first evidence that the EFT-T unidimensionally assesses specificity in episodic future thinking across two cue word sets.

Possessive Expressions in Javanese

This study aims to describe the characteristics of Possessive Construction in Javanese and relations of expressions between Possessor (PR) and Possessum (PS). The source of data are texts in Javanese from Djaka Lodang Magazine Volume XXII, XXIV, XXIX year 2017 and Panjebar Semangat Magazine Volume 29, 19, and 20 from May until July 2018 which contains Possessive Constructions in Javanese also informant who is a native speaker of Javanese. The data are analyzed using Simak Method, with base Sadap technic and advance Simak-Bebas libat cakap technic and Catat technic, meanwhile technic for analyzing the data used are Agih Method to determine the Possessive Construction dan Padan Method to determine the relation between PR and PM elements. Javanese Possessive Constructions marked with clitics -e or ­-ne as possessive marker. The results show Javanese Possessive Constructions meaning exists at polymorphemic level, phrase level, and clause level. On polymorphemic level, possessive meaning expressed by nouns followed by enclitics persona pronoun. On Phrase level, possessive meaning expressed by noun which followed by noun persona and noun followed by noun. Persona pronoun acts as PR. Noun which acts as PR are (Ilahi), animal, plants and (concrete) noun. On clause level possessive meaning expressed by verb which occupy predicate (P). Noun occupying subject in clause recognized as possession (PM). In Javanese, it is found Possessive Construction which sates the relationship of proprietary in the form of; Possessive Construction in which PM elements is non-humane noun and PR elements is humane noun or persona pronoun, PM element is humane noun and PR element is humane (self-name) or persona pronoun, and PM element is non-living noun and PR element also non-living noun.

Collective/Abstract in Morphology

In morphology, the two labels ‘collective’ and ‘abstract’ have been used to refer to properties and categories relevant at different levels. The term collective is normally used in connection with number and plurality in reference to a plurality presented as a homogeneous group of entities. This can be relevant for inflectional morphology where it can be shown to flank markers for coding number in some languages. Moreover, a plurality intended as a homogeneous group of individuals can also be relevant for word-formation patterns where it usually expresses concrete or abstract sets of objects relating to the derivational base. The term abstract makes general reference to processes of nominalization from different source classes, especially verbs and adjectives. In the passage to the nominal domain, verbal properties like tense and argument structure are partially lost while new nominal properties are acquired. In particular, a number of semantic shifts are observed which turn the abstract noun into a concrete noun referring to the result, the place, etc. relating to the derivational base. Although the morphological processes covered by the two labels apparently depict different conceptual domains, there is in fact an area where they systematically overlap, namely with deverbal nouns denoting an abstract or concrete, iterated or habitual instantiation of the action referred to by the verbal base, which can be conceptualized as a collective noun.

Psychometric Evaluation of an Episodic Future Thinking Variant of the Autobiographical Memory Test (Episodic Future Thinking - Test; EFT-T)

Future-oriented variants of the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT) are often used to assess the generation of specific episodic future thoughts, however, as yet the underlying factor structure of items in this modified test has not been examined. Therefore, over two studies we examined the factor structure and validity of an episodic future thinking variant of the Autobiographical Memory Test (Episodic Future Thinking - Test; EFT-T). In Study 1, exploratory factor analysis (N = 466) showed a one-factor structure underlying responses to positive, negative, and concrete noun cue words on the EFT-T. In Study 2, confirmatory factor analysis with a different sample (N = 304) and using different cue words showed a good fit for a single factor structure. In both studies, good convergent validity was found with scores on the EFT-T correlating with autobiographical memory specificity scores. Mixed support was found for associations with measures of mental imagery, and the implications for measurement are discussed. These studies provide the first evidence that the EFT-T uni-dimensionally assesses specificity in episodic future thinking across two cue word sets.

TINDAK TUTUR DIREKTIF INTERAKSI GURU DAN ANAK PADA TAMAN KANAK-KANAK DI KABUPATEN GOWA

This study discusses the comparison of language style in novel Atheist by Achdiat Karta Miharja and novel Telegram by Putu Wijaya. The aims of this study are (1) to describe the embodiment of language styles in novels Atheist and novels Telegram, and (2) to describe the comparison of language styles in novels Atheist and novels Telegram. This research is a qualitative research using descriptive method. The approach used in this research is stylistic approach. Sources of data in this study is a text that contains the style of rhetorical language and figurative style of language. The results show that: (1) the style of language used in the novel Atheist is the style of language; Hyperbole, simile, metaphor, personification, antonomasia, and sarcasm. The style of language found in the novel Telegram namely; Hyperbole, simile, metaphor, personification, antonomasia, and metonimia. Based on the language style found, there are three types of word classes used as word choice in realizing the style of figurative language and style of rhetorical language, namely; Nouns, verbs, and adjectives. (2) The similarity between novels Atheist and novels Telegram is the similarity of hyperbola-style, personification, and antonomasia-forming structures. The difference between the novel Atheist and the novel Telegram lies in the metaphorical style marker which in the novel Atheist is a transitive verb, while in the novel Telegram is a concrete noun.

COMPARISON OF LANGUAGE STYLES IN NOVEL ATHEIST BY ACHDIAT KARTA MIHARDJA AND NOVEL TELEGRAM BY PUTU WIJAYA

This study discusses the comparison of language style in novel Atheist by Achdiat Karta Miharja and novel Telegram by Putu Wijaya. The aims of this study are (1) to describe the embodiment of language styles in novels Atheist and novels Telegram, and (2) to describe the comparison of language styles in novels Atheist and novels Telegram. This research is a qualitative research usingdescriptive method. The approach used in this research is stylistic approach. Sources of data in this study is a text that contains the style of rhetorical language and figurative style of language. The results show that: (1) the style of language used in the novel Atheist is the style of language; Hyperbole, simile, metaphor, personification, antonomasia, and sarcasm. The style of language found in the novel Telegram namely; Hyperbole, simile, metaphor, personification, antonomasia, and metonimia. Based on the language style found, there are three types of word classes used as word choice in realizing the style of figurative language and style of rhetorical language, namely; Nouns,verbs, and adjectives. (2) The similarity between novels Atheist and novels Telegram is the similarity of hyperbola-style, personification, and antonomasia-forming structures. The difference between the novel Atheist and the novel Telegram lies in the metaphorical style marker which in the novel Atheistis a transitive verb, while in the novel Telegram is a concrete noun.

THEY AND ITS LEMMAS AS NON-BINARY THIRD PERSON SINGULAR PRONOUNS IN THE WASHINGTON POST

In recent years, it is found that pronoun they and its lemmas are used to refer to singular person to show that the person does not wish to be identified as one of gender binaries. This phenomenon occurs in The Washington Post having added singular they to their stylebook. Therefore this paper aims at elaborating how pronouns they, them, their, theirs, and themselves are used as singular ones in the articles of The Washington Post published in 2016. With the aid of corpus instrument software, this study qualitatively analyses a small corpus consisting of 100 articles. References of pronouns identified as singular are proceeded as the data source of this study and categorized into Crystal’s (2003) main classes of noun and Cobuild’s (2011) classification of indefinite pronoun. The study reveals that The Washington Post used they as singular with the references of proper noun which consists of names of people and organizations, common count concrete noun which consists of nouns denoting persons and a noun denoting things, common count abstract noun consisting of nouns denoting abstract entities, and 6 indefinite pronouns which are used to refer to persons. These references are found mostly to be non-referential, where gender is indefinite. However, some are found to be referential which are common count concrete noun child and proper nouns in the form of names of people. These references refer to individuals who identify themselves not in one of gender binaries, instead they are found to be used in a context regarding LGBT.