Designing a multi-division model of national innovation capability promotion based on social network analysis

Purpose This study aims to design a national innovation capability appraisal model. This would indicate Iran’s competitiveness situation among regional countries and suggest factors influencing Iran’s performance promotion. Design/methodology/approach The methodology included four sections: bibliometric analysis to discover intellectual evolution of innovation capability and related concepts; construction of a multi-division structure of national innovation capability according to the clusters extracted from bibliometric results, and experts’ opinions; creating dynamic network data envelope analysis (DEA) according to designed structure, and analysis of Iran’s performance among regional countries; identification and prioritization of the factors extracted from experts’ opinions that improve Iran’s performance in created network using Fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory method. Findings The contemporary bibliometric analysis by its extracted clusters proved the necessity of a multi-division for measuring national innovation capability performance that each division and indicators of each step were designed according to clusters concepts. In designed structure, dynamic network DEA results revealed the weakness of Iran’s performance in the third division in the transformation of patents and high-tech imports to high-tech and creative exports, which led to proposing improving factors by getting experts’ opinions to enhance Iran’s performance in this division by prioritizing them. Research limitations/implications One of the limitations of this research was that the indicators used in three phases of national innovation capability in DEA were extracted only from the World Intellectual Property Organization database. Another limitation was the number of experts in focus group sessions because due to the difficulty of gathering them in one session, the researchers lost the participation of some of these recognized experts. Also, the research concentration was on the improvement of the third phase of national innovation capability, in which Iran’s performance was weak. Originality/value Creating a relationship between the divisions of dynamic network DEA, as a national innovation capability appraisal model, and the concepts of clusters extracted from reviewing the intellectual structure and evolution of innovation capability and related concepts.

Why Are Finland Women Scholars Not Finnish-ing the Race Towards Science, Engineering, and Technology

This chapter explores Finland's history, highlighting the country before and after the declaration of independence. It evaluates patterns and trends in social and cultural norms, education, employment, science, technology, and engineering to find evidence of gender inequality, marginalization, and oppression towards Finnish women scholars. Data is collected, analyzed, and reported from a diverse group of peer-reviewed and economic published perspectives, including the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), Organization for Economic-Cooperation and Development (OECD), International Labor Organization (ILOSTAT), Panorama Education, World Economic Forum, Global Wage Report, University of British Columbia, National Science Foundation, World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO), National Centre for Education, European Commission, and Statista Finland databases.

What do patents tell us about microalgae in agriculture?

Microalgae have been used widely as a biological source for several industries, such as biofuel, pharmaceutical and food. Recently, the agricultural industry has also began using microalgae as an alternative source for sustainable products to replace agrochemicals. Due to the lack of scientific articles in this research area, the objective of this study was to search for applications of microalgae and to characterize its use in agriculture using the patent documents available in three patent databases, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), European Patent Office (EPO) and Brazilian Institute of Industrial Property (INPI). The search was carried out using the keyword “microalgae” and applying the filter for International Patent Classification (IPC) code “A01N” which corresponds to patents related to agriculture and cultivation of microalgae. Our patent database search returned 669 documents and 132 patents were selected for the study based on their abstracts. The first patent was registered in 1982 and described the use of microalgae Chlorella extract as a plant growth promoter. After that, no patent was registered for 15 years. From 2005 to 2014, only seven patents were found. However, the scenario changed from 2015 when the number of patents increased mainly in the United States, China and Europe. The patent analysis showed several applications for microalgae in the agricultural sector, such as plant growth promotion, biofertilization, plant disease control, weed management, and post-harvest quality. This review confirmed the increasing interest in microalgae-derived products in agriculture and the value of using patent documents to assess innovative areas.

Technological prospection: the genus Mikania in therapeutic use

The genus Mikania (Asteraceae) comprises about 450 species of these, 203 are found in Brazil and present several chemical and biological activities. Considering the variety of species and their therapeutic properties, the present study aimed to perform technological prospecting of this genus, since this approach aims to contribute to technological, scientific and innovation research. For this purpose, the patent documents were analyzed, regarding the applicant countries, year of filing and the international classification of patents of the genus Mikania. The search was conducted in the databases World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), European Patent Office (EPO) and the National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI) in October 2020, using the descriptor “Mikania”; present in the title and/or abstract in addition, documents that included medicinal approaches were selected. Thus, taking into consideration the filing countries, Japan, Brazil and the United States led the patent deposits, with the first document filed in 1991 and the largest number of applications in the years 2000 and 2010. The data concerning the international patent classification are concentrated in subclass A61K, which deals with preparations for medical, dental or hygienic purposes. These results demonstrated the therapeutic and technological potential of the Mikania species and thus which can be evidenced the potential of this study.

The Patent System, Assistive Technologies, and the Developing World

Although many assistive devices are created in advanced economies, the developing world has been responsible for numerous creative solutions. Despite this, according to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the clear majority of patenting activity in this field occurs in developed countries. Developing countries, which generate comparatively few issued patents, engage in significant innovation using forms of creativity that are not rewarded under the Global North’s patent standards. Developing nations can respond to this circumstance through a number of mechanisms. One is to modify the existing patentability standards to capture more types of creative endeavors. Such an approach should be considered thoughtfully, as the patent system has the potential for both positive and negative consequences for developing nations. Alternatively, nations can adopt other forms of incentives (such as grants or other rewards) to encourage the development of new assistive technologies for their domestic creators.

BIOMATERIAIS HÍBRIDOS A BASE DE CERÂMICOS

A investigação de biomaterial associado as outros, em escala nanométrica têm despertado o interesse da comunidade cientifica visto que nessa dimensão algumas propriedades física,químicas e toxicológicas podem sofrer alterações. Portanto, propor-se a investigação in vivo da toxicidade dos híbridos de nanohidroxiapatita (nHAp) e os nanotubos de carbono (NTC) funcionalizados com óxido de grafeno, denominados graphene nanoribbons (GNR) através do teste de Allium cepa. Realizou-se uma prospecção tecnológica com consultas às bases de dados do departamento de patentes da WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization) denominada Patentscope, LATIPAT e ESPACENET para uma temporalidade dos últimos dez anos (2010-2020) seguida da toxicidade das dispersões de nHAp/GNR a 2% nas concentrações de 50, 100 e 200 µg/mL. Os resultados evidenciaram a existência de patentes registradas desde 1986, com a palavra - chave Hydroxyapatite (WIPO) , com 10 depósitos até os anos de 2019. Assim como, os ensaios in vivo sugeriram há não toxicidade do nHAp/GNR a 2% nas concentrações testadas, indicando ser este um potencial biomaterial para o uso nas ciências médicas. ,

Technologic Prospection of Bioactive Compounds in Umbu Pulp (Spondias Tuberosa Arruda)

The Spondias tuberosa arruda is a fairly integrated type and known in the Brazilian semiarid, being present in the food of the population that lives there. About 18 fruits are in the genus Spondias, and it is known that some of them, like umbu, have antioxidant potential and applicability in several areas. In order to evaluate this potential, it is important a detailed study of all possible applications. This study analyzed the survey results for the bioactive compounds (phenolic compounds and antioxidants) present in umbu pulp (Spondias tuberosa arruda) through patent applications. To perform the patent search was used the bases of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the database of the brazilian National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI) and the European Patent Office (Espacenet). This prospect has contributed to the knowledge of researches already developed, especially in order to identify the work in the area of use, characterization, possible applications and potential umbu, focusing on the identification of bioactive compounds and how promising and necessary is a research in that area.

Producción científica y tecnológica de Perú en el contexto sudamericano: un análisis cienciométrico

This article analyzes the scientific and innovative activity of Peru in relation to its South American peers. For this purpose, indicators of investment in R&D, publications, patents, collaboration, impact and the relationship between some of them were defined. The data were retrieved from Scopus, SciVal, World Bank and World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). The study showed that both the R&D investment and scientific and technological production in Peru are lower than in other South American countries. Peru ranks fifth in South America in international collaboration (60.1%), and a similar trend is seen in impact and performance. All the countries in the study show increases in publications in Q1 journals, according to the SJR. Among the conclusions, it is worth highlighting the low investment in R&D in most of the countries in the region (below 0.6% of GDP), as well as the high technological dependence and the important role of universities as a driving force for research. Resumen Se analiza la actividad científica e innovadora de Perú en relación con sus pares sudamericanos. Para ello, se definieron los indicadores de inversión en I+D, de publicaciones, patentes, colaboración, impacto y la relación entre algunos de ellos. Los datos se recuperaron de Scopus, SciVal, Banco Mundial y World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). El estudio evidenció que tanto la inversión en I+D como la producción científica y tecnológica de Perú presenta valores inferiores a otros países sudamericanos. Perú ocupa el quinto lugar de Sudamérica en colaboración internacional (60,1%), una tendencia similar se presenta en el impacto y rendimiento. Todos los países del estudio presentan incrementos de publicaciones en revistas Q1, según el SJR. Entre las conclusiones hay que resaltar la escasa inversión en I+D de la mayoría de los países de la región (por debajo del 0,6% del PIB), así como la gran dependencia tecnológica, y el importante rol de las universidades como motor de la investigación.

INNOVATIVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN CONDITIONS OF LIMITATIONS AND CRISIS

The report of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WJPO) for 2020 statistically confirms the connection between the global financial crises and falling spending on research and development. The purpose of this article is to systematize and content analysis of financial and information-cognitive limitations of the emergence and formation of innovative small businesses in crisis and post-crisis periods. The study shows that, first, the investment of the business sector in research and development is more stable than in government agencies. This is due to the fact that during the crisis the state is forced to expand the general support of the population and the most affected part of the business, including small businesses. Second, investment in research and development and innovation are the basis for further economic recovery and growth. Third, before the COVID-19 pandemic, the global economy had not yet fully recovered from the 2008 financial crisis. This affects the innovative activity of small businesses. In the face of ongoing crises, small innovative enterprises face different types of constraints and barriers. In particular, it is the reduction of venture capital and the share of the state in the financing of research and development, as well as the transfer of knowledge on high-tech technologies. The government’s solution to the problem with the help of industrial parks requires a more detailed technological foresight analysis. In developed countries, in addition to the expert opinions of the scientific, business and political communities, the population is encouraged, taking into account their views on technology prospects and the state of the environment. Accordingly, sufficient technological literacy and cognitive ability of the population is assumed. Technological literacy of entrepreneurs who are going to use high-tech and especially breakthrough technologies must be above the amateur level. In the future, it is planned to conduct a content analysis of existing technological foresight forecasts.