Horizontal transfer and subsequent explosive expansion of a DNA transposon in sea kraits ( Laticauda )

Transposable elements (TEs) are self-replicating genetic sequences and are often described as important ‘drivers of evolution’. This driving force is because TEs promote genomic novelty by enabling rearrangement, and through exaptation as coding and regulatory elements. However, most TE insertions potentially lead to neutral or harmful outcomes, therefore host genomes have evolved machinery to suppress TE expansion. Through horizontal transposon transfer (HTT) TEs can colonize new genomes, and since new hosts may not be able to regulate subsequent replication, these TEs may proliferate rapidly. Here, we describe HTT of the Harbinger-Snek DNA transposon into sea kraits ( Laticauda ), and its subsequent explosive expansion within Laticauda genomes. This HTT occurred following the divergence of Laticauda from terrestrial Australian elapids approximately 15–25 Mya. This has resulted in numerous insertions into introns and regulatory regions, with some insertions into exons which appear to have altered UTRs or added sequence to coding exons. Harbinger-Snek has rapidly expanded to make up 8–12% of Laticauda spp. genomes; this is the fastest known expansion of TEs in amniotes following HTT. Genomic changes caused by this rapid expansion may have contributed to adaptation to the amphibious-marine habitat.

Horizontal transfer and subsequent explosive expansion of a DNA transposon in sea kraits (Laticauda)

Transposable elements (TEs) are self replicating genetic sequences and are often described as important drivers of evolution. This driving force is because TEs promote genomic novelty by enabling rearrangement, and through exaptation as coding and regulatory elements. However, most TE insertions will be neutral or harmful, therefore host genomes have evolved machinery to supress TE expansion. Through horizontal transposon transfer (HTT) TEs can colonise new genomes, and since new hosts may not be able to shut them down, these TEs may proliferate rapidly. Here we describe HTT of the Harbinger-Snek DNA transposon into sea kraits (Laticauda), and its subsequent explosive expansion within Laticauda genomes. This HTT occurred following the divergence of Laticauda from terrestrial Australian elapids ~15-25 Mya. This has resulted in numerous insertions into introns and regulatory regions, with some insertions into exons which appear to have altered UTRs or added sequence to coding exons. Harbinger-Snek has rapidly expanded to make up 8-12% of Laticauda spp. genomes; this is the fastest known expansion of TEs in amniotes following HTT. Genomic changes caused by this rapid expansion may have contributed to adaptation to the amphibious-marine habitat.

Spatial Distribution of Mass and Speed on Movement of Two Shrapnel Discs of Variable Thickness in Explosive Load

Results of studies of the explosive expansion of a set of shrapnel discs of natural crushing are described in the article. Set consisted of two disks of different thickness, but of a fixed total mass. The studies were carried out by computer simulation of shock-wave processes in a continuous formulation using the ANSYS/LS-DYNA program. The program of computer design foresees development of three-dimensional certainly-element model including, in accordance with symmetry of the examined system fourth part of the examined explosive system of casting block, with imposed on its knots of the proper scopes terms concerted with taken mixed Lagrangian-Eulerian approach within the framework of the continuum model. The effect of the order of installing disks of different thickness on the distribution of their mass and its velocity in the middle of the meridional angle of expansion is established. The analysis of the computer simulation presented on the basis of numerical studies on the distribution of the mass of the disks and its velocity of motion suggests that to create a narrow high-speed uniformly filled fragmentary mass of the axial flow, it is necessary to change the geometric shape of the disc so that in the central angular zones of the disks. This allows the velocity of the fragment mass to be aligned along the radius of the discs and to fill the first angular zones with the required mass of fragments.

FEATURES OF THE INITIAL STAGE OF FORMATION OF FAST CORONAL MASS EJECTION ON FEBRUARY 25, 2014

We have analyzed the fast coronal mass ejection (CME) that occurred on February 25, 2014. The analysis is based on images taken in the 131, 211, 304, and 1700 Å UV channels of the SDO/AIA instrument and from observations obtained in the Hα line (6562.8 Å) with the telescopes of the Teide and Big Bear Observatories. The February 25, 2014 CME is associated with the ejection and subsequent explosive expansion of the magnetic flux rope, which appeared near the solar surface presumably due to the tether-cutting magnetic reconnection. The impulse of full pressure (thermal plus magnetic) resulting from such an “explosion” acts on the overlying coronal arcades, causing them to merge and form an accelerated moving frontal structure of the CME. This pressure impulse also generates a blast collisional shock wave ahead of the CME, whose velocity decreases rapidly with distance. At large distances R>7R₀ (R₀ is the solar radius) from the center of the Sun in front of the CME, a shock wave of another type is formed — a “piston” collisional shock wave whose velocity varies little with distance. At R≥15R₀, there is a transition from a collisional to a collisionless shock wave.

FEATURES OF THE INITIAL STAGE OF FORMATION OF FAST CORONAL MASS EJECTION ON FEBRUARY 25, 2014

We have analyzed the fast coronal mass ejection (CME) that occurred on February 25, 2014. The analysis is based on images taken in the 131, 211, 304, and 1700 Å UV channels of the SDO/AIA instrument and from observations obtained in the Hα line (6562.8 Å) with the telescopes of the Teide and Big Bear Observatories. The February 25, 2014 CME is associated with the ejection and subsequent explosive expansion of the magnetic flux rope, which appeared near the solar surface presumably due to the tether-cutting magnetic reconnection. The impulse of full pressure (thermal plus magnetic) resulting from such an “explosion” acts on the overlying coronal arcades, causing them to merge and form an accelerated moving frontal structure of the CME. This pressure impulse also generates a blast collisional shock wave ahead of the CME, whose velocity decreases rapidly with distance. At large distances R>7R₀ (R₀ is the solar radius) from the center of the Sun in front of the CME, a shock wave of another type is formed — a “piston” collisional shock wave whose velocity varies little with distance. At R≥15R₀, there is a transition from a collisional to a collisionless shock wave.

The Proper Study of Religion

The Proper Study of Religion charts an innovative course of development for the academic study of religion by engaging the legacy of Jonathan Z. Smith (1938–2017), perhaps the field’s most influential and important scholar in the last several decades. Smith was the author’s teacher and mentor for fifty years. Their careers coincided with the explosive expansion of the study of religion in secular universities in the United States beginning in the mid-1960s. Building on Smith’s foundational legacy through creative encounters, the book explores an extensive range of engaging topics, including comparison as essential to academic technique and to human knowledge itself; the important role of experience, richly understood, to both academic studies of religion and to religions as lived; play, philosophically understood, as a core dynamic of Smith’s entire program; the relationship of academic document-based studies to the sensory-rich real world of religions; and self-moving as providing a biological and philosophical foundation on which to develop a proper academic study of religion with expansive potential. The foregrounding of human self-movement, new to the study of religion, is informed by the author’s considerable experience as a dancer and student of dancing in cultures around the world. The Proper Study of Religion honors the remarkable and challenging work of an unforgettable giant of a man while also offering critical assessments and innovative ideas in the effort to advance the remarkable legacy of Jonathan Z. Smith.

Classification of Spamming Attacks to Blogging Websites and Their Security Techniques

With the explosive expansion of information on the world wide web, search engines are becoming more significant in the day-to-day lives of humans. Even though a search engine generally gives huge number of results for certain query, the majority of the search engine users simply view the first few web pages in result lists. Consequently, the ranking position has become a most important concern of internet service providers. This article addresses the vulnerabilities, spamming attacks, and countermeasures in blogging sites. In the first part, the article explores the spamming types and detailed section on vulnerabilities. In the next part, an attack scenario of form spamming is presented, and defense approach is presented. Consequently, the aim of this article is to provide review of vulnerabilities, threats of spamming associated with blogging websites, and effective measures to counter them.

Creating a reliable financing mechanism for economic development

Purpose China’s economic development in the past 40 years has an array of distinctive features that have attracted the attention of the world. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach The analysis logic is as follows: with regard to the mechanism, the above factors were met in a timely manner and jointly contributed positive energy to China’s economic growth, with the increase in the savings rate as the necessary condition and foundation, and the increase in the savings rate is attributed to the explosive expansion of the financial system at the beginning of reform and the formation of positive incentives for residents, enterprises and governments at all levels, and the expansion of the financial system and the formation of positive incentives are clearly the crystallization of the wisdom of Chinese-style progressive reform. Findings Therefore, we have every reason to believe that the growth prospects of the Chinese economy remain bright. The author is nonetheless confident that the new two-step strategy for economic development will be realized, proposed by the 19th CPC National Congress. Originality/value Moreover, the growth of China’s economy has long been accompanied by the “double surplus” of current accounts and capital and financial accounts in the international balance of payments, which is not completely consistent with the traditional paradigm of development economics. These phenomena are so unique that the international community calls it the “Mystery of China” or “China’s Development Path.”