Nonlinear Influence of Sound on the Vibrational Energy of Molecules in a Relaxing Gas

Dynamics of a weakly nonlinear and weakly dispersive flow of a gas where molecular vibrational relaxation takes place is studied. Variations in the vibrational energy in the field of intense sound is considered. These variations are caused by a nonlinear transfer of the acoustic energy into energy of vibrational degrees of freedom in a relaxing gas. The final dynamic equation which describes this is instantaneous, it includes a quadratic nonlinear acoustic source reflecting the nonlinear character of interaction of high-frequency acoustic and non-acoustic motions in a gas. All types of sound, periodic or aperiodic, may serve as an acoustic source. Some conclusions about temporal behavior of the vibrational mode caused by periodic and aperiodic sounds are made.

Effect of soil type and rainfall on dicyandiamide concentrations in drainage from lysimeters

The nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) is mobile in drainage water, which has implications for its effectiveness in reducing nitrate leaching from urine patches. Lysimeters had been used to investigate the effect of soil type (clay, silt loam, or sandy loam) and precipitation (target ~1140 or 2280 mm/year) on the effectiveness of DCD to decrease nitrate leaching. This paper reports the associated effects on DCD in drainage water. DCD was applied in May and July at a rate of 10 kg/ha, and natural rainfall was supplemented with irrigation to ensure that the target precipitation was achieved for each treatment. The experiment was undertaken twice. The pattern of DCD concentrations in drainage water suggested that movement of DCD in the silt loam and sandy loam soils was typical of convective–dispersive flow. Although there was some preferential flow of DCD from the soil surface to depth in the clay soil, DCD concentration profiles suggested that the main transport mechanism was also by convective–dispersive flow. There were significant soil-type and precipitation effects on DCD leaching (P < 0.05). The soil-type effect could be attributed to differences in drainage volume between soils. Combining data from the two experimental years, DCD leaching losses ranged from 12 to 46% of applied, with annual drainage in the range 422–1292 mm. DCD was detected in drainage up to 15 months after application, demonstrating the longevity of the compound. The experiment demonstrates that leaching of DCD on all of the soil types tested can be substantial under high rainfall. This is likely to have implications for the effectiveness of DCD to decrease nitrogen losses from urine patches under such rainfall conditions, as well as being a source of nitrogen itself.