ALLEY ACTIVATION: GENIUS LOCI TO CONSTRUCT A RESILIENT CITY

Alleys in urban areas have recently been associated with crime and slums. Makassar as one of the biggest cities in Indonesia started to revitalize its alleys in 2014 as a campaign agreement implemented in Makassar Spatial Plan as well as an urban mutual interaction. This scheme is to change negative perspectives about alleys and to enhance urban community awareness. The research is a qualitative method with a phenomenological paradigm referring to urban design toolkits. Data collecting uses observation surveys and walk-through analyses. The selected alleys that have been discussed are based on thematic alleys from the government decisions. The findings show that successful government programs should empower the inheritance of cultural values. Genius loci adapted from the local nomenclature programs are more recognizable in public to build sense of belonging and promote urban resilience. The revitalization of alleys provide communal space, urban farming harvest, and leads to green economy improvements, settlement arrangements, and mutual local aids. Constructing urban resilience through government programs that should not depend on a Mayor’s tenure is another finding in this research. Adaptive governance is essential in flexible and collaborative management rather than application programs in terms of political interests, beautification, and ceremonial activities.

Where Chocolate Begins and Research Methods End: Understanding Kuna Cacao Consumption

Contrary to a recent deluge of scientific and popular publications, the island-dwelling Kuna people of Ailigandi, San Blas Panama do not consume large amounts of locally derived cacao beverages. This paper introduces new research on the actual consumption of Theobroma cacao among the people of Ailigandi. The chocolate tree, Theobroma cacao, is of great cultural importance for Kuna people, and its fruits are used within multiple contexts as an irreplaceable element of Kuna identity and cultural life. However, cacao cultivation has become dramatically more difficult because of the numerous fungal pathogens that attack the tree. Despite the constraints this has placed on local cacao production, recent studies suggest that Kuna people consume large amounts of local cacao. This research evaluates the livelihood strategies and dietetic intake of the Kuna in a cross-cultural context. Findings suggest that recent studies may have misunderstood the local reality in their depictions of the Kuna people of Ailigandi as prolific consumers of locally derived cacao. Using a methodology that incorporates a local nomenclature, I found that the actual consumption of locally grown cacao among Kuna people is negligible, notwithstanding the claims of researchers whose work is largely funded by an industrial chocolate manufacturer.

The Canadian Geological Survey: Hinterland Between Two Metropolises

Recognizing the 150th Anniversary of the foundation of the Geological Survey of Canada as an apt moment to assess and explore the historical context of the Survey, this paper examines the founding of the Survey, the role of William Logan as the first Director and the manner in which he shaped the structure and vocabulary of Canadian geology. The examination uses the concept of Metropolis and Hinterland pioneered by J. M. S. Careless to contextualize Canadian History. Great Britain and the United States were metropolises for the Canadian hinterland. Great Britain was a model of imperial science and possessed a working consensus on doing geology that provided a framework for Logan and the Geological Survey. The United States, a less developed metropolis asserting its independence from British influence, offered a model of public geology in its Geological Surveys and a vocabulary of local nomenclature applicable to the Canadian rocks. Emulating both metropolises, Logan borrowed from each in a dynamic interaction as he worked to develop a distinctive response to Canadian social and scientific needs. Often uncomfortably aware of both metropolises and their mutual antagonisms, Logan had to carefully pursue his work in a setting of tension and opportunity, while creating a functioning Canadian Survey and a sophisticated Canadian geology.

An Overview of the use of Mollusks in Biostratigraphy

One of the prime objectives of the earth scientist is the delineation of the sequential history of the physical and biological evolution of the planet. Biostratigraphy provides one framework of reference for ordering the sequence of events for a large portion of earth history. Representatives of the Phylum Mollusca have played a central role in the development of this frame of reference and indeed in the development of the discipline itself. Molluscs have had an important role since the earliest efforts to utilize fossils for purposes other than as objects of beauty, veneration or commerce. Indeed, William Smith's observations in the 1790's, that certain fossils were characteristically restricted to specific rock units in the vicinity of Bath, England, was primarily a delineation of molluscan species that to this day are recognized as distinctive of the Jurassic Bathonian Stage. Although the term biostratigraphy was not coined by Dollo until the early 1900's, the guiding principles and practices that evolved much earlier through the efforts of such pioneer biostratigraphers as d'Orbigny, Quenstedt, Oppel and Buckman were based primarily upon the study of the stratigraphic and spatial distribution of Jurassic molluscs. The part played by molluscs in these early studies is amply demonstrated by the fact that local Jurassic stages were named after fossil rather than place names by French and Swiss geologists - the Pterocerien and Strombien Stages for snails and the Astartien, Diceratien and Pholadomyen Stages for clams. Although subsequent work has seen the demise of such local nomenclature, these units remain recognizable as defined. In spite of later refinement, the principles and many of the zonations developed by these founders have stood the test of time for over a century and a half.

The Epigrams of Callimachus

Callimachus was the Housman of antiquity. He had formidable learning, combative pugnacity, and a rare capacity to put both aside and write with exquisite simplicity. His learning is seen in the traditions about his pupils, who were reputed to include Eratosthenes, Aristophanes of Byzantium, and Apollonius of Rhodes, with whom he was later on terms of enmity. It is seen in his association with the library at Alexandria. A scholiast to Plautus says that he held the post of librarian. That he was not chief librarian is proved by the list preserved in a papyrus at Oxyrhynchus, but there is no reason to doubt that he served on the library staff, especially as his published works included a library catalogue. It is to be seen in his later reputation: thus to Philippus Callimachus is the main weapon of the dry-as-dust army of commentators (AP 11. 321) and to study him is an investigation in the dark (AP 11. 347). It is seen in the volume of his works which numbered over eight hundred, and their general character. They show a taste for curious learning; one may instance a series on Local Nomenclature which included a book on Local Month-Names, or another on The Rivers of the World with separate volumes for Europe and Asia, or a volume on Foundations and Name-Changes of Islands and States, or Geographical Wonders of the World.