Determinants of Crop Diversification in Bangladesh: An Econometric Analysis

This study aims to investigate the factors that influence household behaviour in cultivating the diversified crops on their cultivable land in Bangladesh. Cragg’s alternative tobit model has been applied to a unique rural household level dataset to find the catalysts of crop diversification. The results obtained portrayed a mixed impression of crop diversification in the country. The estimated results have revealed that the male head of household, the accessibility of information, a greater number of farming parcels and the availability of hired labour seem to govern the decision of a farming household to participate in non-rice crop production, while factors such as the total amount of land, agricultural extension service and irrigation facilities influence rice cultivation. Moreover, the findings obtained from the same Cragg’s alternative tobit model estimation for the Aman, Boro and Aus seasons have also revealed a similar depiction of crop diversification in Bangladesh.

Multidimensional Relative Poverty of Farmers in Tibetan Areas – Based on a Data Analysis on Micro Surveys

In 2020, the issue of absolute poverty has been solved, and China is building a well-off society in an all-round way. The issue of relative poverty is an important content of poverty reduction. Based on a survey data from Danba County in October 2020, this paper uses the AF method to calculate the incidence of multidimensional poverty and the multidimensional poverty index. The results showed that 44.65% of the farmers have multidimensional deprivation of any three indicators of relative poverty, and 2.79% of the farmers have serious multidimensional deprivation; the incidence of one-dimensional poverty in terms of “educational level index of head of household,” “per capita non-transfer income of households in 2019,” and “per capita household income in 2019” is the highest; at the same time, the contribution rate of the three indicators to the multidimensional poverty index is also higher than other indicators. Therefore, several suggestions have been put forward to alleviate the multidimensional relative poverty in the region from the aspects of industry development and education.

Associated factors of precocious sexual intercourse among schooled teenagers in Antsirabe town, Madagascar

Background: Teenagers are defined by world health organization as persons between 10 and 19 years of age. When this generation has a sexual intercourse, it is considered to be early. The main aim of this investigation is to identify associated factors of precocious sexual intercourse.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the high schools in Antsirabe town among teenagers.Results: Among 636 teenagers, 19.8% are prematurely initiated. The median age of first sexual experience is 16 years of age. The average age for this first sexual experience takes place at 15.5 (1.4) years of age for boys and at 16.6 (1.2) years for girls. One kind of sociodemographic profile is associated to the first precocious sexual intercourse. Poor school performance, urban life, alcohol, tobacco and drug use are also significantly associated with this precocious sexual experience. From the relationship standpoint, 6= lack of sexual education by the head of household, the absence of religious diligence, the influence of customs, internet access and accession a social network are indeed associated to this problem.Conclusions: In order to meet these results, the ministry of public health should design on Facebook, education program about forward sexuality.

The pattern of poor household food consumption: The case of West Java Province

The result of a LA-AIDS showed that the food consumption of poor households in West Java is influenced by its own-price, the price of other commodities, income, number of household members, household location, education of the head of household, and work type of the head of the household. The own-price elasticity identified that the price increase in each commodity group does not affect the consumption of the general food group. The cross-price elasticity of food groups showed more complementary.

Analysis on Influencing Factors of Farmland Transfer Price in Heilongjiang Province

At present, there are still some problems in rural land circulation in Heilongjiang Province. Among them, the high price of land circulation is a prominent problem at present, and the price of land circulation is the most important factor affecting land circulation. In this paper, literature analysis, field investigation and interview are used to study the current situation and influencing factors of agricultural land transfer price in Heilongjiang Province, and further analyze the impact of agricultural land transfer price on land transfer. The results show that: (1) In recent years, the transfer price of agricultural land in Heilongjiang Province has been on the rise; (2) The price of farmland transfer will be affected by the factors of grain price, grain producer subsidy, land quality and transfer period; (3) The age of the head of household, the willingness of the head of household to cultivate, the area of agricultural land transfer, the proportion of non-agricultural income, and the types of food planted have no significant effect on the transfer price of farmland.

Gender Inequity: Older Workers and the Gender Labor Income Gap in Peru

Using annual household surveys from 2004 to 2019, we examine the existence of a gender labor income gap among older persons in Peru. Two labor income models are estimated: Model 1 uses a basic set of demographic, socioeconomic, and personal characteristics as regressors (also called endowments); Model 2 uses the basic set plus additional personal characteristics. The Misner‐type relationship holds with positive returns for education and experience, and the anticipated association to the endowments. The Oaxaca‐Blinder decomposition yields an explained labor income gender gap of 44.4% (Model 1) and 51.5% (Model 2), i.e., controlling for endowments, approximately one half of the labor income difference remains unexplained and can be attributed to discrimination and labor segregation. In light of these results, we estimate Model 3 with two additional variables (head of household and beneficiary of intergenerational private transfer) which attempt to capture gendered stereotypes. With these two variables which provide information on gender discrimination the explained labor income gap for Model 3 is 71.1%—an increase of 19.6%. The unexplained component of the difference in labor income amounts to 28.8% that we attribute to unobserved variables that operate as post‐labor market elements in patriarchal societies. Results show that gender inequity during a woman’s life‐span manifests acutely among older women, which raises important implications for policy interventions.

Women living with their mothers-in-law

Background Many studies have documented the impacts mothers-in-law have on daughters-in-law living in the same household, but few have quantified the scale of this co-residence. This study aims to estimate the proportion of married women living with their mothers-in-law across countries and time. Methods Using household rosters from 250 Demographic and Health Surveys in 75 countries, this paper uses the “relationship to head of household” question to identify households where married women live with their mothers-in-law. For select countries with large changes, we decompose changes in rates into changes in the age structure of married women and the rate of women living with their mothers-in-law by age. Results This paper finds large variation in family structure around the globe, from 1% of married women in Rwanda to 49% in Tajikistan living with their mother-in-law. Many countries with high co-residence in the 1990s continue to see high and increasing numbers today, especially in Central and Southern Asia, while some North and sub-Saharan African countries experienced substantial declines. Decomposing changes by age and rates shows that changes in the age structure of married women is not driving changes in co-residence, but rather the rates are changing across age groups. Conclusions These findings show the large variation in women living with their mothers-in-law across the globe. The authors provide publicly available code and future research ideas to encourage others to further our understanding of the impact of living with her mother-in-law on a woman’s life.

Determinants of households’ income in Mazar –e- Sharif

Studying household income is one of the most critical issues in poverty theory and income distribution. This research aims to identify and examine determinants of household income in Mazar-e-Sharif. The study is a descriptive-analytical methodology approach, and in terms of practical purpose, this study is applied research conducted a cross-sectionally with a microeconomic approach at the local level. The sample size included 200 households from the six sites of Mazar-e-Sharif in the year 2020, which were sampled through Be selected by chance. The data collection tool is an individual questionnaire conducted and collected by the researcher, which was analyzed by SPSS software using a regression model and developed econometrics model. The research findings show that the proposed regression model can predict 42.2% of the dependent variable. Furthermore, the analysis of regression model shows that the education of the head of household, members with contractual employment, number of employed members in households, income source of retirement, rent, Hawala, farm have the significant positive relationship with the dependent variable only income source of handicraft has the hostile relationship with the dependent variable. However, the rest of the independent variable does not have a significant relationship with the dependent variable.

Effect Of Islamic Social Finance Exclusion On Sustainable Livelihood Assets Acquisition And Persistent Poverty In Zanzibar

The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship that exists between voluntary and non-non-voluntary Islamic social finance exclusion and sustainable livelihood assets (social capital, natural capital, physical capital, and human capital) among the household’s head in Zanzibar. The survey questionnaire was distributed to the head of household with sample size of 287 and data were collected and analysed based on both factor analysis and structural equation modeling using SPSS 23.0 and Amos 23.0 software. The results indicated that non-non-voluntary Islamic social finance exclusion factors impede financial inclusion of the poor in Zanzibar rather than voluntary Islamic social financial exclusion factors. This implies that non-voluntary Islamic social finance exclusion has great implication for the acquisition of the sustainable livelihood assets due to the combined effect of lack of awareness about Islamic social finance services on one hand and the cost associated to it on the other. This has great implications for the acquisition of the requisite livelihood assets needed to exit the persistent state of poverty raveling Zanzibar. This paper contributes to the government efforts through Waqf and Trust commission Zanzibar (WTCZ) to review these three Islamic social funds (Waqf, zakat and almsgiving) for the purpose of poverty alleviation in Zanzibar.

Socio-Economic Status of Women on Tharu’s Community in Nepalese Society

Nepalese society has multi ethnic cultural variations so that the socio-economic status of Tharus’ communities has also poor for comparison of other communities. In Nepali society, women are also left behind. The condition of women in that community living within this structure is even more deplorable. It is very difficult to find a woman as a head of household in this community. Since the head of household makes all the decisions, so that most of the men are the head of household. Similarly, women are suffering from poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, illness and household activities in Nepal. The burning issues of women empowerment on national integration are to expose in economic development. It can help on household condition likewise decision making process is very poor in the whole of south Asia, especially in Nepal, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. The analysis focuses upon the status of women in terms of their socio-economic status, income pattern and household decision making power in comparison to their male counterparts. The economic contribution of Tharus’ women has poor and traditional. The condition of Woman has lead to family and decision making process has been also backwardness factors. They want easy to access fortheir health facility, education, social participation, income increase, confidence buildup of decision making and policy forming on human rights of family.