Experimentation or projectification of urban change? A critical appraisal and three steps forward

Urban experimentation has proliferated in recent years as a response to sustainability challenges and renewed pressures on urban governance. In many European cities, diverse and rapidly changing experimental forms (e.g. urban living laboratories, pilots, trials, experimental districts) are becoming commonplace, addressing ambitious goals for smartness, circularity, and liveability. Academically, there is a growing concern for moving beyond the focus on individual experiments and the insistence on upscaling their primary transformation mechanism. However, the phenomena of ‘projectification’ – whereby project-based forms of organising have become ubiquitous, shaping expectations about experimentation – is increasingly perceived as a barrier. Nevertheless, how specifically experimentation and projectification intersect remains unclear. Our theoretical perspective examines how the widespread tendency towards projectification shapes urban experimentation and the potential implications for urban transformations. It problematises the current wave of experimentation and how it contributes to the projectification of urban change processes. We present three steps to redress this issue and indicate directions for future research.

Effect of La2O3 on the Microstructure and Grain Refining Effect of Novel Al-TiO2-C-XLa2O3 Refiners

New aluminum grain refiners, Al-TiO2-C-XLa2O3 refiners, were manufactured by the in situ reaction of Al powder, TiO2 powder, C powder, and La2O3 powder. The effects of La2O3 on the refiners’ microstructure and the grain refining effect of the Al-TiO2-C-XLa2O3 refiners on industrial aluminum were studied. The effect of the sintering process was also studied. The results show that the refiners contain Al3Ti, TiC, Al2O3, AlN, and Al20Ti2La. As the content of La2O3 increases, the amount of Al20Ti2La also increases. However, the amounts of Al3Ti, Al2O3, and TiC decrease. Al3Ti is a lath-like compound whose size becomes smaller. The distribution of Al2O3 and TiC, however, is more uniform. The Al-TiO2-C-0.2La2O3 refiner has the best grain refining effect on industrial aluminum. The size of the industrial aluminum refined by the Al-TiO2-C-0.2La2O3 refiner is 320 μm; the refiner’s grain size is 8.4% that of the industrial aluminum without refiners 0 μm (380). After adding the novel Al-TiO2-C-0.2La2O3 refiner, the nucleation temperature TN reached 679.21 °C, which is 17 °C above the nucleation temperature of the industrial aluminum without refiners. The primary transformation time is the longest at 25.5 s, which is 4.6 s higher than that of industrial aluminum (20.9 s). Furthermore, the ΔT of the aluminum is 0.5 °C, which is the lowest value.

Schematic-Topological Modeling of the SOI CMOS Ring Oscillators for Sensor Microsystems on Chip

The paper presents the results of research of frequency and energy characteristics of ring generators on the basis of siliconon-isolator of the CMOS transistor structures, depending on their circuit design and constructive and technological implementation, design and modeling of the schemes of the primary transformation of information from integral sensitive elements for sensor microsystems-on-crystal

Immunoediting is not a primary transformation event in a murine model of MLL-ENL AML

Although it is firmly established that endogenous immunity can prevent cancer outgrowth, with a range of immunomodulatory strategies reaching clinical use, most studies on the topic have been restricted to solid cancers. This applies in particular to cancer initiation, where model constraints have precluded investigations of immunosurveillance and immunoediting during the multistep progression into acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here, we used a mouse model where the chimeric transcription factor MLL-ENL can be conditionally activated in vivo as a leukemic “first-hit,” which is followed by spontaneous transformation into AML. We observed similar disease kinetics regardless of whether AML developed in WT or immunocompromised hosts, despite more permissive preleukemic environments in the latter. When assessing transformed AML cells from either primary immunocompetent or immunocompromised hosts, AML cells from all sources could be targets of endogenous immunity. Our data argue against immunoediting in response to selective pressure from endogenous immunity as a universal primary transformation event in AML.

Approaches on Trends, Constraints, and Transformations of Romanian Organic Agrifood Market

In current economies, the organic agrifood markets have started to gain more proactive dimensions by volume, revenue, and demand. Analysing the trends, constraints, and transformations of Romanian organic agrifood market represents an actual research subject, which should be understood as a growing part of agricultural economics and marketing research. Starting from the general assumption that organic agrifood market represents a share of one percent and growing, the main aim of this chapter is to reveal the primary transformation and constraints from a multiperspective approach.

Scaffolding and interventions between students and teachers in a Learning Design Sequence

The aims of this paper are to develop knowledge about scaffolding when students in Swedish schools use digital educational material and to investigate what the main focus is in teachers' interventions during a Learning Design Sequence (LDS), based on a socio-cultural perspective. The results indicate that scaffolding were most common in the primary transformation unit and the most frequent type was procedural scaffolding, although all types of scaffolds; conceptual, metacognitive, procedural, strategic, affective and technical scaffolding occurred in all parts of a learning design sequence. In this study most of the teachers and students, think that using digital educational material requires more and other forms of scaffolding and concerning teacher interventions teachers interact both supportively and restrictively according to students' learning process. Reasons for that are connected to the content of the intervention and whether teachers intervene together with the students or not.