Interface Tuning between Two Connecting Bulk Heterojunctions in Small Molecule Bilayer Ternary Solar Cells

Bilayer ternary solar cells are a kind of novel organic photovoltaic device with a triple-component active layer but are different from the ternary bulk heterojunction (BHJ) blend. Two binary BHJs with a common acceptor (or donor) are deposited sequentially in this kind of device. Here, we study the fabrication and optimization of bilayer ternary solar cells using metal phthalocyanine donors and fullerene acceptor. The device power conversion efficiency (PCE) shows a significant dependence on the interface between the two binary BHJs. The interface formed by stacking two BHJs directly demonstrates severe restrictions on the device efficiency. We find that the photovoltaic performance of bilayer ternary cells can be improved by inserting a C60 molecular monolayer between the two binary BHJs. The effect of the C60 interfacial layer on charge transport is analyzed based on their transport characteristics under negative bias. A relationship between the C60 interfacial layer and recombination under illumination is discussed. This work reveals a particular influence due to the interface facing three materials in organic solar cells.