Eco-friendly packaging: Preferensi dan Kesediaan Membayar Konsumen di Marketplaces

Peningkatan transaksi di marketplaces menyebabkan lonjakan jumlah pengiriman paket belanja online dan berimplikasi pada timbulan sampah yang didominasi oleh material plastik. Penerapan eco-friendly packaging di marketplaces sangat diperlukan dalam upaya mengurangi timbulan sampah dan dampak negatifnya terhadap lingkungan. Upaya ini pun akan mendukung pencapaian Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) poin 12.5 yaitu mengurangi timbulan sampah secara substansial pada tahun 2030 melalui upaya pencegahan, pengurangan, daur ulang, dan penggunaan kembali. Penelitian bertujuan untuk 1) mengidentifikasi bentuk-bentuk eco-friendly packaging yang potensial diterapkan di marketplaces, 2) menganalisis preferensi konsumen terhadap penggunaan eco-friendly packaging, dan 3) merumuskan strategi penerapan eco-friendly packaging di marketplaces. Studi literatur, analisis deskriptif kualitatif, dan Contingent Choice Modelling (CCM) digunakan untuk menjawab tiga tujuan tersebut. Penelitian ini memformulasi sembilan alternatif eco-friendly packaging yang dapat diterapkan di marketplaces. Data diperoleh dari literatur dan survei secara blended terhadap 314 responden di Provinsi DKI Jakarta, Jawa Barat, dan Jawa Tengah. Studi literatur menunjukkan recyclable cardboard dan bioplastic dapat menjadi alternatif eco-friendly packaging yang paling relevan untuk marketplaces di Indonesia karena murah dan bahan terbaik. Analisis CCM mengungkap bahwa konsumen berminat terhadap eco-friendly packaging, mayoritas mengetahui manfaat penggunaannya dan bersedia untuk menggunakannya dengan total WTP maksimum sebesar Rp1.348,47 dan Rp4.237,80. Nilai Willingness to Pay (WTP) berpotensi meningkat jika konsumen diberikan edukasi manfaat eco-friendly packaging, dan berdomisili di DKI Jakarta. Lima strategi agar implementasi eco-friendly packaging di marketplaces dapat efektif, yaitu 1) menetapkan harga maksimum eco-friendly packaging sebesar Rp1.348,47, 2) memberikan edukasi manfaat eco-friendly packaging, 3) bila pilot project diperlukan, DKI Jakarta dapat menjadi provinsi percontohan, 4) memberikan voucher eco-friendly packaging, serta 5) mewujudkan kerja sama antara pemerintah, marketplaces, penjual, dan konsumen. Pemerintah dapat menetapkan regulasi yang meminta marketplaces untuk menyediakan opsi eco-friendly packaging pada fitur pemilihan kemasan serta pemberian edukasi dan promosi penggunaan eco-friendly packaging untuk menarik minat konsumen.ABSTRACTMarketplaces have increased the number of online-shopping package shipments and waste generation, which is dominated by plastic materials. Eco-friendly packaging is imperative to reduce waste generation including its negative environmental impacts. This effort is inline with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) point 12.5 i.e. by 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources. This study aims to 1) identify forms of eco-friendly packaging that to be applied in marketplaces, 2) analyze consumer preferences for eco-friendly packaging, and 3) formulate strategies for implementing eco-friendly packaging in marketplaces. Study literature, descriptive analysis and contingent choice modeling (CCM) were used to answer the objectives. CCM formulated nine alternatives of eco-friendly packagings which can be applied in marketplaces. Data were obtained from literature stud and blended surveys to 314 respondents living in DKI Jakarta, West Java and Central Java provinces. The results show that recyclable cardboard and bioplastic can be an alternative to eco-friendly packaging in marketplaces. CCM analysis reveals that consumers are interested in eco-friendly packaging, most of them are aware to its benefits and willing to use it with a maximum total WTP of IDR 1,348.47 and IDR 4,237.80. These WTPs could increase under two conditions i.e., if the benefits of eco-friendly packaging are described to consumers before they select the packaging and if the consumers are living in DKI Jakarta province. Five strategies for the implementation of eco-friendly packaging in marketplaces include 1) setting the maximum price for eco-friendly packaging at Rp1,348.47, 2) providing education on the benefits of eco-friendly packaging, 3) if a pilot project is needed, DKI Jakarta province can become a pilot province, 4) provide eco-friendly packaging vouchers, and 5) create cooperation between the government, marketplace, sellers, and consumers. The government could set a regulation which ask marketplaces to provide eco-friendly packaging options in the packaging selection features as well as educating and promoting the use of eco-friendly packaging to gain consumer’s interest.

An Axiomatic Model of Persuasion

A sender ranks information structures knowing that a receiver processes the information before choosing an action affecting them both. The sender and receiver may differ in their utility functions and/or prior beliefs, yielding a model of dynamic inconsistency when they represent the same individual at two points in time. I take as primitive (i) a collection of preference orderings over all information structures, indexed by menus of acts (the sender's ex ante preferences for information), and (ii) a collection of correspondences over menus of acts, indexed by signals (the receiver's signal‐contingent choice(s) from menus). I provide axiomatic representation theorems characterizing the sender as a sophisticated planner and the receiver as a Bayesian information processor, and show that all parameters can be uniquely identified from the sender's preferences for information. I also establish a series of results characterizing common priors, common utility functions, and intuitive measures of disagreement for these parameters—all in terms of the sender's preferences for information.

ESTIMASI NILAI EKONOMI WISATA TAMAN NASIONAL GUNUNG CIREMAI (TNGC)

Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai (TNGC) merupakan kawasan konservasi yang memiliki banyak objek wisata. Objek wisata yang ada di TNGC merupakan wisata berbasis alam yang bisa memberikan tambahan pendapatan bagi masyarakat sekitar hutan sehingga mereka tidak perlu melakukan perambahan ke kawasan konservasi. Dengan demikian, keberadaan wisata ini perlu dipertahankan keberlanjutannya. Namun seringkali ketiadaan berapa besarnya nilai ekonomi dari wisata alam tersebut, menyebabkan adanya kesalahan dalam penentuan kebijakan dalam pemanfaatan kawasan konservasi. Oleh karenanya perlu diestimasi seberapa besar nilai ekonomi dari wisata di TNGC. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengestimasi nilai ekonomi wisata yaitu metode Contingent Choice Model (CCM). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, rata-rata biaya perjalanan yang dikeluarkan Rp 664.580 per satu kali kunjungan dengan komponen biaya terbesar yaitu biaya transportasi (37%). Rata-rata besar kesediaan membayar (willingness to pay/WTP) wisatawan TNGC yaitu sebesar Rp 425.919,3, sehingga estimasi nilai ekonomi TNGC yaitu sebesar Rp 638.878.948 per tahun.

What Will Parents Pay for Hands-on Ocean Conservation and Stewardship Education?

Supported by the National Marine Sanctuary Foundation, the Ocean Guardian School (OGS) program is a federally funded grant program coordinated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Office of National Marine Sanctuaries. OGS supports the educational goals of national marine sanctuaries (NMS) by funding hands-on ocean conservation and stewardship programs in both public and private schools. Schools apply for grants (up to $4,000) to implement school- or community-based conservation projects to educate students, while contributing to the health and protection of local watersheds and the world’s ocean. This study is the first to estimate the value that parents have for their child’s participation in an ocean conservation and stewardship program. Using a contingent choice survey, changes to student behaviour, parents’ support for the OGS program and the non-market economic value to parents of the six program attributes are estimated.

Using the Contingent Grouping Method to Value Forest Attributes

This paper presents the first application of a recently proposed stated preference valuation method called contingent grouping. The method is an alternative to other choice modeling methods such as contingent choice or contingent ranking. It was applied to an afforestation program in the northeast of Spain. The attributes included (and the marginal values estimated per individual) were allowing picnicking in the new forests (€2.47), sequestering 1000 tons of CO2 (€0.04), delaying the loss of land productivity by 100 years, due to erosion in the new forests area (€0.783), and allowing four-wheel driving (€6.5), which is perceived as a welfare loss.