To the Definition of Preferential Right in Civil Law

The essential features of the preferential right are revealed and the main approaches to understanding its legal nature are considered. According to the first approach, preferential rights are defined as cases when, under all equal conditions, the advantage is granted by law to a specific group of persons with some special characteristics. The second approach does not have a single idea: the authors focus on a certain aspect of preferential rights and propose to understand other preferential rights in the same way. The place of “preferential rights” among other exceptions in the law is determined, the relationship and difference from related legal categories are shown. Based on the results of carried out research, the author's definition of a preferential right is developed as an additional possibility based on the property (corporate) interest of its owner, established by law or contract, to demand from the subject-accomplice in the right or the party in respect of proper behavior in the form of providing advantages over third parties. This right is proposed to be considered an independent subjective right due to the obvious independence of its existence in objective law as a measure of possible behavior defined by law (by contract, constituent document), the presence of a construction corresponding to it of a legal obligation, its own mechanism for the implementation of this right, and for a number of other reasons set out in the work.

ANIMATION FESTIVAL IN THE MODERN UKRAINIAN CULTURAL SPACE

The purpose of the article is to comprehend animation festivals as an important component of the cultural space of modern Ukraine and a decisive factor in the development of the world and domestic animation art. Research methodology. The analytical and synthetic method was used, which made it possible to discover the specifics and directions of development of the large-scale world and domestic animation festivals; owing to the generalisation method, information about animafests was systematised, and their multidimensional abstract review was carried out. The scientific novelty is that the largest world and domestic animation festivals are identified and analysed for the first time, and their specifics are studied. Animation festivals are considered as a kind of indicator of modern culture development. Conclusion. The definition of cultural space as a space of functioning of the animation festival is given, the essential features of the festival as a cultural phenomenon are highlighted. It is ascertained that a festival is a periodic festive event with elements of solemnity and competition, the ultimate goal of which is the demonstration of achievements, creative exchange, professional communication. Festivals differ in direction, themes, programmes. An essential feature of the festival is the presence of a single idea, theme and programme. The information on animation festival activity in Ukraine and the world is generalised and systematised. World and domestic animation festivals are understood from the standpoint of features and directions of their development, new methods and techniques. It is concluded that the demand for animation festivals is increasing every year. Animation festivals have a strong cultural and artistic potential: they showcase new trends and artistic innovations; allow avoiding the isolation of art; allow authors to represent their creations to viewers and experts; provide creative and professional communication. It is noted that animafests are a powerful catalyst for the creative process and contribute to creating the environment for further development and popularisation of animation art.

Authority (I): A Promise Theoretic Formalization

Authority is a central concept in social systems, but it has a variety of meanings. Promise Theory offers a simple formalized understanding of authority, and its origins, as polarization within a network of collaborative interactions. This idealized approximation stands in contrast to the usual deontic view of authority in socio-philosophical literature, and unifies the various interpretations with a single idea. It's shown that the elementary meanings of authority can all be understood as a promise, analogous to that of a `compass direction' within some decision space, with which agents may choose to align voluntarily. Authority is therefore separated from the embodiment by any particular agency or kind of agent, and is closely related to the concept of leadership in management science. Agents may try to impose authoritative directives onto subordinates, but imposition will generally be ineffective, due to their autonomy or causal independence. Stable configurations may be formed from resonant interactions that employ both semantics and dynamics to bind agents. This simple-minded formalization serves as an foundation for later study about the dynamics of authority and derived `power'.

Methods of application of ozone therapy for the treatment of peri-implantation mucositis

At the dental reception, complications after dental implantation in the form of mucositis and peri-implantitis are becoming more and more common. There are quite a lot of risk factors for the development of inflammation of the parotid tissue, there is no single idea about the etiopathogenesis of the above pathology. Mucositis refers to the initial stage of peri-implantitis development and is reversible. The specialist should promptly diagnose the development of the inflammatory potential and start treatment, in order to prevent the development of bone destruction around the implants. One of the methods of local exposure to the lesion is ozone therapy.Goal. This paper describes the method of treatment of peri-implantation mucositis by ozone therapy.Materials and methods. In patients with peri-implantation mucositis, the inflammatory peri-implantation tissue was ozonated directly in the oral cavity with the Ozotron device in order to relieve inflammation and improve microcirculation in the oral cavity. Before performing oral ozonation, all patients underwent a general clinical examination to identify contraindications to this method. It also describes in detail the scheme that prevents the penetration of ozone into the body and prevents its ingestion.Results. During ozonation, a positive trend was obtained in the treatment of post-prosthetic complications during dental implantation. The developed scheme of ozonation in the oral cavity stops the inflammation of the peri-implantation tissue. Side effects and complications during ozone therapy directly in the oral cavity were not detected.Conclusions. The inclusion of ozone therapy in the treatment regimen of patients with peri-implantation mucositis is an appropriate and justified physiotherapy method.

Idea plagiarism detection with recurrent neural networks and vector space model

PurposeNatural languages have a fundamental quality of suppleness that makes it possible to present a single idea in plenty of different ways. This feature is often exploited in the academic world, leading to the theft of work referred to as plagiarism. Many approaches have been put forward to detect such cases based on various text features and grammatical structures of languages. However, there is a huge scope of improvement for detecting intelligent plagiarism.Design/methodology/approachTo realize this, the paper introduces a hybrid model to detect intelligent plagiarism by breaking the entire process into three stages: (1) clustering, (2) vector formulation in each cluster based on semantic roles, normalization and similarity index calculation and (3) Summary generation using encoder-decoder. An effective weighing scheme has been introduced to select terms used to build vectors based on K-means, which is calculated on the synonym set for the said term. If the value calculated in the last stage lies above a predefined threshold, only then the next semantic argument is analyzed. When the similarity score for two documents is beyond the threshold, a short summary for plagiarized documents is created.FindingsExperimental results show that this method is able to detect connotation and concealment used in idea plagiarism besides detecting literal plagiarism.Originality/valueThe proposed model can help academics stay updated by providing summaries of relevant articles. It would eliminate the practice of plagiarism infesting the academic community at an unprecedented pace. The model will also accelerate the process of reviewing academic documents, aiding in the speedy publishing of research articles.

Teaching digital models: secondary technology teachers’ experiences

In secondary technology education, models of artifacts, systems and processes, visualized and simulated through digital tools (digital models) are a relatively new element. Technology teachers teach digital models to meet syllabus criteria of digital competence, applicable to for instance problem solving and documentation using digital tools. However, there is a lack of knowledge concerning how teachers use digital models in their teaching, what their intentions are, and what content they choose. It is known, though, that teachers’ experiences influence the teaching. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate teachers’ experiences of teaching digital models in compulsory school, to contribute to more knowledge of teaching in this area. This study takes a phenomenological lifeworld approach, and 12 semi-structured interviews with lower secondary technology teachers form the empirical data. The data were analyzed thematically and the results are four themes of experiencing the teaching of digital models, indicating that technology teachers teach with different aims and purposes; Enhancing and integrating other subjects, Visualizing technology to the pupils, Enabling digital modelling, and Preparing pupils for the future. Further, the results also indicate that the content and methods of teaching differ and that teachers did not experience digital models as one single idea but as an amalgam of multiple ideas. These findings can be used as a basis for further research and development of teaching concerning digital models.

«The nature of literary thefts and the types for Ibn Rachiq Al-Messili »

This research paper aims at revealing the nature of literary thefts for Ibn Rachiq (390-456 AH), who attached great importance to it in his writings, where he singled out from this serious matter that has always occupied the minds of early Arab critics. He could successfully analyse the different sides of any literary work and could reveal the reasons behind the similarity of ideas in the works of creative writers. From this vein, he could follow the roots and the originality of every single idea in order to figure out who is to be blamed and punished, and for whom regards and estimation must return. He concluded that theft is a very broad subject, which no poet can escape from, and that the real thief is the one who lives on the art of others without creativity or innovation, considering that literary theft is only in the wonderful inventor who did not participate in it. Keywords: Stealing, Literature (poetry/prose), imitation, Creativity, Pronouncing, meaning, Ibn Rashiq Al-Messili.

Dialectics of the subjective and the objective in the substantiation of law by the classics of German philosophy

Понимание абсолютности оснований духовных ценностей человека, позволяющее трактовать императивность норм права и морали как объективный результат акта его свободы, возможно лишь в актуализации процесса мышления. Эта актуализация должна быть и может быть только собственным актом человека, явлением субъективности его воли. Однако задача теоретического изображения этого процесса впервые могла быть поставлена и решена только классиками немецкой философии. Анализ их позиций позволяет сделать вывод о том, что право и мораль генетически не связаны друг с другом: право не опосредовано моралью и не является его абстракцией. При этом право и мораль содержательно не противоречат друг другу, поскольку являются результатом развития единой идеи абсолютного блага и между ними существует своего рода предустановленная гармония, заданная «духом истории». Understanding the absoluteness of the foundations of a person's spiritual values, which makes it possible to interpret the imperativeness of the norms of law and morality as an objective result of the act of his freedom, is possible only in the actualization of the thinking process. This actualization should and can only be a person's own act, a manifestation of the subjectivity of his will. However, the task of theoretically depicting this process for the first time could be posed and solved only by the classics of German philosophy. An analysis of their positions allows us to conclude that law and morality are not genetically related to each other: law is not mediated by morality and is not its abstraction. At the same time, law and morality do not contradict each other substantively, since they are the result of the development of a single idea of ​​absolute good and between them there is a kind of pre-established harmony set by the “spirit of history”.

The Ghetto: A Very Short Introduction

The Ghetto: A Very Short Introduction provides an overview of the history of the ghetto, focusing on specific times and places throughout history. Is the ghetto real or imagined? The word ‘ghetto’ would not have existed without 16th-century Italian economic interests, which led to the policy of placing the Jewish population in enclosed enclaves in around twenty-four Italian towns and cities. During the Holocaust, there were many hundreds of Nazi ghettos in Eastern Europe varying in size, duration, and purpose. The history of the ghetto was adopted by African-Americans in the mid-20th century and is still used to describe both the concrete and abstract qualities of segregated urban life. There is no single idea or place which encompasses ‘the ghetto’.

Stunned by the Seizure of Power

This chapter reflects on the rise of Adolf Hitler to power and the implications thereof. It directs this sense of surprise at a polemicist who is popularly—but mistakenly—expected to take a stand; and who, when confronted by any evil that appeals to his temperament, has indeed been prepared to “stick his neck out.” But there are evils which not only make the neck cease to be a metaphor but may also prevent the associated activity of the brain from formulating a single idea. The chapter thus illustrates the author's shock, as well as the compulsion to give an account of this failure. It attempts to explain the dilemma into which such a complete upheaval in the German-speaking world has plunged him, and the paralysis caused by the awakening of a nation and the establishment of a dictatorship that now controls everything apart from language.