GRICE’S COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLES VIOLATION IN THE COMMUNICATION OF CHILDREN WITH AUTISM

The involvement of children with autism in social interaction is mostly at a lower level. It is due to the language obstacles faced by children with autism that become the reason why children with autism tend to violate the cooperative principles in communication. This study aims to demonstrate how children with autism violate Grice’s cooperative principles maxims and what causes it. The Grice’s cooperative principles maxims are the focus of this observation and 5 children with autism were the subjects of this study. The research was done in SLBN Surakarta which is the school for exceptional children in Surakarta. By utilizing the observational approach, the data were collected using recording and transcribing technique. Leech’s heuristic pragmatic analysis method was used to analyze the data. The results showed that 67.65% of utterances spoken by the children with autism violated 1 maxim, 20.59% utterances violated 2 maxims and 3 maxims violation was found in 2.94% utterances. 4 maxims violation was also found indicating that there are 8.82% utterances of the children with autism failed to fulfill cooperative principles. Language and social development problems are considered responsible for the violations well as their disability to stay focus are considered the cause of maxim of relevance become the most violated maxim in this study.

Knowledge as a Critical Resource in Innovation among Small Furniture Companies in Indonesia: An Exploration

The furniture industry makes a significant contribution to the Indonesian economy but is exposed to an intensifying competitive environment and to emerging shortages of raw material. These circumstances have prompted small furniture manufacturers in the district of Jepara to undertake several types of innovation. It appears that of all first ranked innovations, product innovation is the largest category. In the overall pattern of innovations, market innovation and logistics innovation are also important, a situation that can be explained by the typical character and current circumstances of the furniture industry in this area. The innovation process concerned mainly relies on traditional knowledge sources, namely in-house learning-by-doing and experimentation, and buyers (customers). However, the manufacturers show willingness to use other knowledge sources in the near future, particularly more formal and globally oriented ones, such as exhibitions, research institutions, and the Internet. What tends to hamper such progress is that the manufacturers’ capability to access these knowledge sources is limited by financial obstacles and to a smaller extent by complexity and language obstacles. The paper concludes with a few policy recommendations and potential directions of future research. One of the policy recommendations aims at a combination of the traditional way of knowledge generation through in-house learning-by-doing and experimentation with knowledge from modern and formal sources.