Grape Seeds Proanthocyanidins: Advanced Technological Preparation and Analytical Characterization

A “green” solvent-free industrial process (patent pending) is here described for a grape seed extract (GSE) preparation (Ecovitis™) obtained from selected seeds of Veneto region wineries, in the northeast of Italy, by water and selective tangential flow filtration at different porosity. Since a comprehensive, non-ambiguous characterization of GSE is still a difficult task, we resorted to using an integrated combination of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and electrospray ionization high resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-HRMS). By calibration of retention time and spectroscopic quantification of catechin as chromophore, we succeeded in quantifying GPC polymers up to traces at n = 30. The MS analysis carried out by the ESI-HRMS method by direct-infusion allows the detection of more than 70 species, at different polymerization and galloylation, up to n = 13. This sensitivity took advantage of the nanoscale shotgun approach, although paying the limit of missed separation of stereoisomers. GPC and MS approaches were remarkably well cross-validated by overlapping results. This simple integrated analytical approach has been used for quality control of the production of Ecovitis™. The emerging feature of Ecovitis™ vs. a popular benchmark in the market, produced by a different technology, is the much lower content of species at low n and the corresponding increase of species at high n.

Bortezomib – First Therapeutic Proteasome Inhibitor for Cancer Therapy: A Review of Patent Literature

Background: Bortezomib is a reversible inhibitor of proteasome proteins in mammalian cells. Bortezomib is proven to be cytotoxic to a number of tumor cells by disrupting their normal homeostatic mechanism and thereby, causing cell death. Currently, Bortezomib is prescribed for patients with multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. Objective: This assessment highlights the overview of the recent patents of Bortezomib. This review includes patents grouped in sections like product patents, process patent, composition related patents as well as the treatment methodology. The objective of this article is to facilitate researchers with all existing patents at a single place. Methods: Data were searched from various online databases. In which, paid databases include SciFinder® and Orbit®. Free databases include Patentscope® (WIPO), Worldwide Espacenet® (EPO), Google Patents and InPASS (Indian patent database). Results: Several new processes and composition related patents of Bortezomib have been recently patented as its orange-book listed patents are going to soon expire during July 2022. Further, due to the problem of oxidation during development and long-term storage of Bortezomib formulation, a number of excipients are tried in these patents to stabilize the same. However, there is still a need for further development of an improved formulation of Bortezomib with better characteristics. Conclusion: Extensive research has been carried out on various processes for preparing Bortezomib and the composition thereof. This type of dynamic research will clear the path for many generic players in the United States, which lead to the reduction of the price of the composition and thereby enhancing global health care at cheaper prices.

Access to Medicines and Performance of the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry: Examining India’s Experience in the New Patent Regime1

The advocates of intellectual property rights project strong patent regime as an effective way to promote research and development (R&D) activities leading to innovation while others argue that they may adversely affect local industries in developing countries and result in monopoly pricing that may compromise on larger interests including public healthcare. The process patent regime has enabled Indian pharmaceutical firms to strengthen their technological capability and performance in domestic and global markets. As the country reintroduced product patent protection in 2005, Indian ‘copycats’ could not follow their reverse engineering technology anymore. Being a developing country and ‘pharmacy of the Global South’, India’s experience offers global dimensions to these debates. This article makes an attempt to reflect on India’s experience with the new patent regime; it looks into the pattern of R&D, trade and trend of product patenting in the pharmaceutical sector and revisits public health concerns.

Productivity Changes of Pharmaceutical Industry in Bangladesh: Does Process Patent Matter?

The large pharmaceutical companies in Bangladesh have currently expertise in process patent activities rather than in product patent. Such industry condition can easily generate a high profile in production and sales. However, achieving sustainability in the long run using automation and purchase of the patent only seems unsuitable. In the last two decades, it is found that both the medium and big size companies have leaned on introducing automation in their existing product plants, improving them in nothing but production. The article measures technical efficiency using data envelopment analysis (DEA) over the period of 2009–2013. We use one output—annual sales—and three inputs, namely, (a) fixed asset, (b) raw material cost and (c) cost of salary to run Malmquist total factor productivity (TFP) index. The major contributor of TFP growth is found due to the technological positive growth with a value of 10.8 per cent annually. Moreover, all changes of technical efficiency, pure efficiency and scale efficiency have regressed with values of 5.5 per cent, 2.1 per cent and 3.5 per cent, respectively. Thus, the gains in productivity are entirely due to technological advancements and not for technical improvements. The main source of inefficiency in pharmaceutical industry is scale inefficiency rather than pure technical inefficiency. Limitations and policy implications are addressed.

ELABORACIÓN Y ESPECIFICACIONES TÉCNICAS DEL PISCO PERUANO TERCERA ETAPA-PLANTA PROTOTIPO

El presente proyecto de investigación aplicada; tiene como objetivo definir las especificaciones técnicas de un producto de bandera como es el pisco peruano. La importancia de esta investigación, radica en el hecho que por ser la producción de pisco en el Perú mayormente artesanal y de poca tecnología, ésta no garantiza niveles estándar de calidad, composición y producción. Este trabajo contempla asimismo la obtención de un proceso estándar para la elaboración de aguardiente de uvas denominado Pisco, con pruebas de investigación a nivel de Reactor Prototipo, el desarrollo de producto a nivel comercial denominado Pisco UNI y la obtención de una Patente de Invención. Los resultados obtenidos a través de un trabajo multidisciplinario; con participación de investigadores y empresarios de instituciones como la Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad Nacional de San Marcos; UNMSM; el Centro de Innovación de la Vid; CITEvid y Bodega y Viñedos La Caravedo de Ica, fueron satisfactorios, obteniéndose un proceso estándar que garantiza la elaboración de un producto de calidad y protegido además con una Patente de Invención. Asimismo, el proyecto tuvo como objetivo suministrar herramientas de innovación tecnológica a los estudiantes de la Facultad de Ingeniería Química y Textil de la UNI; FIQT, a fin que puedan aplicarlos en el desarrollo de su carrera o en la creación de su propia empresa o fuente de trabajo, como una alternativa de desarrollo luego que egresen de la universidad. Palabras clave.-Investigación aplicada, Pisco Peruano. Aguardiente de uvas, Reactor prototipo, Multidisciplinario, Proceso estándar, Patente de Invención. ABSTRACTThe present project in Applied Research has the objective to define the technical specifications of Peruvian Pisco, a traditional drink and patrimony, symbol of Peruvian pride and nationality. The importance of this project lies in the search for a higher standard of quality, composition and production for pisco elaboration in Peru, which is mostly artisanal and low technology. This design also involves obtaining a standardized process for elaboration of the grape liqueur denominated Pisco, with research trials at Prototype Reactor level, the development of a commercial product named Pisco UNI and obtaining an Invention Patent. Through a multidisciplinary group with the participation of professionals from the Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad Nacional de San Marcos; UNMSM; the Centro de Innovación de la Vid; CITEvid and Bodega y Viñedos La Caravedo de Ica; the obtained results were satisfactory, the standardized process guaranties the elaboration of a product of high quality and protected by an Invention Patent. The project also aims to provide technological innovation tools to students from Facultad de Ingeniería Química y Textil de la UNI; FIQT, that they can apply in their career development or creating their own business or work source, as a development alternative after they graduate. Keywords.-Applied research, Peruvian Pisco, Grape liqueur, Prototype reactor, Multi- disciplinary, Standard process, Patent of invention.

Forming the Structure of Composite Metallic Foams

The Department of Marine Materials Engineering, Maritime University of Szczecin, has conducted research on the technology of metallic composites, focusing on composite aluminium foams stabilized with ceramic particles. One technology which enables efficient, inexpensive and diversified - in terms of foam structure - control of foam properties is the foundry technology consisting in gas injection into liquid metal. This method requires precise control of the process parameters, especially regarding temperature stabilization, as well as precise injection of the gas into the metal. The process of foaming of liquid aluminium or its silicon alloys can also be conducted using ceramic particles. This is a metallic-ceramic composite foaming process (patent PL 211439 B1). The paper presents the process of structure forming of metallic-ceramic foams.

Research on the Patent Licensing of the New Generation Information Technology Industry in China

With the development of the new generation of information technology industry, the cooperation mode of enterprises become more and more complicated. A research on the technological cooperation is of a significance based on a perspective of patent licensing. By analyzing the patent licensing data of Huawei, Lenovo, ZTE and Datang in the new generation information technology industry in China, we can draw the following conclusions: the patent licensing amount of three companies show the wave declining trend yearly; there are an obvious difference in the distributions of the product patent, the process patent, the product and process patent of patent licensing in the different enterprises; there are an obvious difference in the positions of patent licensing in the different enterprises.