Modeling the adoption of a garlic variety (Allium sativum L.) in Mexico through survival analysis

The objective of this research was to analyze the adoption behavior over time for the improved variety of garlic CEZAC 06, and the factors associated with the adoption process through survival analysis (SA), in North-Central Mexico. The data comes at farm level and was collected in 2019 through a questionnaire given to 40 garlic farmers in Zacatecas, Mexico. The results show that 62.5 % of the farmers who adopted CEZAC 06 carried out this process in the first two years after they were first introduced to it. The factors that played a role in the adoption process were: farmer age, how long the farmer had been in business for, number of hectares availables for garlic production, yield, number of college-educated family members, income from crop farming, income from garlic farming, agriculture-related courses taken, financial aid from the federal government, and being part of any type of organization. Improving yield and the quality of the garlic bulb requires an adequate extension system that allows farmers to receive updated and reliable information on the importance of technological innovation. Highlights The analysis also suggested that new technologies should be transmitted at higher rates to increase adoption. This can be done by implementing courses aimed at farmers with low educational backgrounds, small plots of land and low productivity levels. The factors affecting the adoption process were: farmer age, how long the farmer had been in business, yield, etc. CEZAC 06 will increase yield and rural farmers could improve the quality of the bulb as a marketable surplus. This work contributes to the scarce literature on the application of survival analysis to agricultural technologies.

A Study of Various Constraints in Lentil Production and Marketing in District Lakhimpur (Kheri) of Uttar Pradesh

Background: Lentil pulse crop on account of their vital role in nutritional security and soil ameliorative properties have been an integral part of sustainable agriculture since ages. The decrease in production and shrinkage in the area of pulse crops in Lakhimpur (Kheri), Uttar Pradesh is a cause of great concern. Keeping in view the importance of lentils, the study was carried out to examine the various constraints faced by the different groups of farmers. Aims: To study the various Constraints in lentil production and marketing. Place and Duration of Study: Lakhimpur (kheri) district of Uttar Pradesh, between year 2020 and 2021. Methodology: A total of 100 respondents were selected randomly from the Mitauli block of Lakhimpur (kheri) district, Uttar Pradesh and a pre-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data from the farmers. Respondents were classified into three ccategories based on their size of land holdings. Results: It is revealed by the Garrett scores that the major production constraint faced by most of the farmers was unfavorable weather condition (score of 66.39) and major marketing constraint faced was small quantity of marketable surplus (score of 61.98). Conclusion: From the findings of the study, it has been stated that there was a high level of constraints associated with production and marketing of lentils. Highly responded constraints for production were unfavorable weather condition(rank I), non-availability of quality water for irrigation(rank II),inadequate knowledge of recommended packages and practices (rank III).Similarly small quantity of marketable surplus(rank I),availability of reliable market information system (rank II) and price fluctuation(rank III)were the major constraints in case of marketing of lentils. Due to having these constraints, farmers faced a lot of troubles which hampered agricultural activities, increased quantum of credit assistance and led to selling of agricultural crops at low prices.

A Study on Economics of Marketing and Production of Aonla in District Pratapgarh (U.P.)

The study was conducted, in Pratapgarh district of Uttar Pradesh. Random sampling technique was used for the selection of blocks, villages and proportionate random sampling for selection of growers. From the list, 200 growers were selected, using proportionate sampling method i.e. 90 small, 70 medium and 40 large farmers respectively. The primary data were collected from the respondents by using interview schedule, while secondary data were collected from the official records, published data, magazines etc. The marketable surplus for Aonla in the area was found to be 140, 160 and 180 quintals per farm which constituting (99.10%), (99.48%) and (99.48%) to their total Aonla production. Channel-I, Marketing cost when producers sold their produce to consumer in the market was Rs.90/quintal. Net price received by the producer is 410/quintal. Producer share in consumer price was 82 per cent. Price spread is Rs 90. Marketing efficiency was 5.55 per cent. Channel-II, Marketing cost when producers sold their produce to retailers was Rs.105/quintal. Among these cost transportation charges was most important which accounted for Rs.15/quintal, followed by loading and unloading cost Rs.10/quintal, market cost Rs.10/quintal, labour cost was Rs.10/quintal and miscellaneous cost Rs.50/quintal respectively. Sale price of the producer to retailer was Rs.500/quintals inn different farms size group. Channel-III, this is identified as the longest channel. The producer sells his produce to the commission agents, who in turn sell it to retailer in the market. Finally, the produce reaches to the consumer after collecting margin. Average marketing cost when producer sold their produce to commission agents, in the market was Rs.165. Among these grading, cleaning etc. was Rs. 10 and 10 per Qts. loading and unloading cost Rs. 10 per Qtl. Transportation cost Rs. 20per Qts, Miscellaneous charges Rs. 25/qts, respectively.

To Study the Role of E-Commerce to Sustain Agripreneres

India is called as Agrarian country as many people dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. Agriculture plays a vital role in the development of economic system. The agricultural sector contribution is majorly increasing to marketable surplus. The durable products like rice, pulses, cereals ,legume , spices, tobacco, coffee, etc. are being marketed through online. Nearly 50 E commerce websites are promoting technology as well as agri products. Agri-Commerce constitutes a good market in business world. COVID -19 an outbreak of a pandemic disease. The entire world faces this pandemic in unified isolation. It is badly affected to marketing of agricultural products due to lockdown. Logistic system is stopped to avoid the spreading of corona. All business partners and retailers are shutting their entrance doors around the world and encouraging their customers to shop online instead of direct sales. Perishable goods like Fruits and Flowers market has significantly affected. Mango fruit- juice Manufacturing Market has also been significantly impacted. This paper is exploring the problems faced by mango business people during covid age in prakasam dt and identifying a solution of to this problem by creating the information system (IS) which is formal and user friendly. An organized system can be designed to collect, process, store, and distribute seasonal fruits with good quality for consumers at easy delivery and at low prices. ANOVA and Literature Survey Method are mainly used to reach the objectives.

Navigating Fish Food Insecurity by Simultaneous Household and Marketed Surplus-Led Productions in Kogi State of Nigeria

The study determined the factors influencing simultaneously household and marketed surplus-led fish production in Nigeria’s Kogi State using cross-sectional data collected from 105 fish farmers. The sample size was achieved using a multi-stage sampling technique and the collected data were elicited viz. structured questionnaire complemented with interview schedule. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to achieve the conceptualized objectives. Empirical evidence showed that marketed surplus-led fish production was affected by less risky non-farm incomes with high-income turnover and capital paucity. However, marketable surplus-led production was enhanced by enlarged income, readily available demand that matches the supply, and entrepreneurship zeal among the youthful population in the studied area. In view of the foregoing, the research recommends the need to strengthen the value chain of fish marketing so as to contain any challenge viz. market imperfection which in the long run will jeopardize market-orientation of fish farming which is nascent among most of the farmers in the studied area. In addition, there is a need to address gender inequality in order to arrest poverty vulnerability among women folk viz. budget gender mainstreaming so as to achieve growth and development which are pre-requisite for globalization.Keywords: Food security; Marketable surplus; Purpose; Fish farming; Kogi State; Nigeria

P. Oxy. LX X VII 5123 and the economic relations between the Apion estate and its coloni adscripticii

Starting from a detailed interpretation of P. Oxy. LXXVII 5123 (ad 555), I argue that the Apion estate favoured a tenancy arrangement with its enapographoi georgoi, the farmers registered on its tax-rolls. Such leases left them with a marketable surplus of the produce in remuneration, which they could sell either to their own estate or to outside parties. Contrary to the now current view of Apionic enapographoi georgoi as directly managed permanent employees or wage labourers, the evidence reviewed suggests that they were not an economically distinct and homogenous labour group.

Smallholder Farms in Bulgaria and Their Contributions to Food and Social Security

Bulgaria has a long tradition of smallholder farming, predominantly producing for self-consumption. As a result of land reform and farm restructuring, many rural households received agricultural land. Some developed commercial farms but most households stayed as subsistence farmers and used their small pieces of land to produce for self-consumption and market the excess output to top up their non-farm incomes or meagre pensions. They had little capital and insecure access to markets. The paper employs semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 10 smallholders for obtaining detailed information about individuals’ behaviour and exploring issues in greater detail. In particular, the study looks at the drivers of the diverse strategies pursued by smallholder farms, their importance for household food security and incomes, and the prospects of smallholder farms in the future, especially the possibilities for productivity increases. The Bulgarian study on contemporary smallholder farms shows that subsistence production constitutes a valuable safety net for households with low incomes, and therefore, it acts as an extension of the limited social security system of the country. Despite all the challenges faced by smallholders, half of the interviewed households succeeded to commercialise and increase marketable surplus. Policies for increased commercialisation of smallholder farms and a structural change in agriculture should address, besides market factors, the socioeconomic aspects which contribute to the persistence of subsistence farming. Furthermore, when prioritising different policies, the chosen livelihood strategies of the households should be taken into account.

Marketable dan Merketed Surplus Beras di Kabupaten Banyumas

Efforts to increase rice production must be integrated from the upstream sub-system, the farming sub-system, the downstream sub-system and the support sub-system. Upstream sub-system development is very important and cannot be ignored. Ownership of land by farmers is very small with an area of less than 0.5 hectares, most farmers are actually only landless farm laborers who depend on their work as agricultural laborers. Rice farmers in Banyumas Regency cannot be clearly defined as a producer when looking at the consumption side of the farmer. This study aims to determine the performance of rice farming, determine the magnitude of marketable surpluses and marketed surpluses of rice and analyze the factors that influence the marketed surpluses of rice in Banyumas Regency. Data analysis uses marketable analysis and marketed rice surplus, multiple linear analysis. The results showed an average area of land owned by 0.21 ha, with a productivity of 4,823.69 kg / Ha (GKP), 4,149.34 kg / Ha (GKG), 2,603.30 kg / Ha (Rice). The marketable value of rice surplus is 22,624.20 kg / MT or 85.67 percent of the total product and the marketed value of rice surplus is 13,422.83 kg / MT or 59.33 percent of the marketable surplus value. Product allocation is more used to pay for harvest labor and family food consumption. The results of multiple linear regression analysis with the model obtained Y = -146.89 + 0.87X1-1.94X2 + 4.94X3 + 1X4-83.80X5-0.009X6 + 2.95X7-7.23X8-1.6X9 + 34 , 3X10-0.007X11 + e. Marketed rice surpluses in Banyumas Regency are influenced by the variable amount of products and farming costs in nature.

"Marketable and Marketed Surplus and Price Spread of Vegetables in Phek District, Nagaland"

Vegetables are part and parcel of the daily healthy human diet. There will always be a demand for the vegetables in the market; the supply side has to keep up with the demand. With this regard, the study was carried out in Phek district, Nagaland, where the production and marketing of vegetables are well recognized. Three primary vegetables, cabbage, beans, and potato, were selected for the study from twelve villages from the sample population of 300 farmers in 2016-2017. The study was carried out to find out the marketable, marketed surplus, and the price spread in the marketing of the selected vegetables. Three marketing channels were observed, where Channel I (Farmer to consumer) played a significant role in terms of net returns received by farmers, lower cost, and non-existence of price gap. The result shows that the production, marketable surplus, and marketed surplus of cabbage was found to higher than beans and potato. To enhance and boost up production and marketed surplus, it is recommended to prioritize Channel I, infrastructural development, and extension services.