Dielectric properties of aqueous solutions, amorphous phases and hydrated minerals in support for future radar measurements of Jovian icy moons

<p>In the coming years The JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE) (ESA) and Europa Clipper (NASA) missions will study the icy crusts of the main Galilean moons of Jupiter. They will use the penetrating radars RIME and REASON, which will work at wave frequency ranges able to penetrate up to 9 and 30 Km depth respectively, in combination with other instruments [Bruzzone et al. 2013, Aglyamov et al. 2017].</p> <p>In this regard, we have started a set of experiments to study the electrical properties of materials at low temperatures with the aim to help with the interpretation obtained from the level of attenuation of the radar waves. Ultimately, they will be useful to constrain the chemical composition, physical state and temperature of the upper layers of the icy crusts of Ganymede, Callisto and Europa (please see abstracts EPSC González Díaz et al. 2020 and EPSC Solomonidou et al. 2020).</p> <p>The first set of experiments have been done in a high-pressure chamber equipped with pressure and temperature sensors in direct contact with the sample and a large sapphire window which allows textural and spectroscopic analyses. We have characterized aqueous solutions with salts (MgSO<sub>4</sub>, NaCl, MgCl<sub>2</sub>, Mg(ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>), volatiles (CO<sub>2</sub>) and clays (nontronite, montmorillonite) at temperatures down to 223 K and pressures up to 60 MPa. Samples were studied by pressure-temperature (P-T) cycles in two ways: (a) first freezing the solution and pressurizing it (TPPT method) and (b) first pressurizing the solution and then freezing it (PTTP method), in order to examine textural and grain size heterogeneities and fracture formation depending on the method of formation. The cooling of the samples led to the final formation of water ice, hydrated salts and clathrate hydrates. Raman spectroscopy was used to control the mineral assemblages and understand better the crust environments and processes that can explain the resulting values, like the appearance of supercooled brines, amorphous phases and recrystallizations during the P-T cycles.</p> <p>We measured the dielectric properties of these samples with a BDS80 Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy system (Novocontrol) which allows to work in a frequency range from 1 Hz to 10 MHz and temperatures from 143 to 323 K. Both permittivity and electric conductivity were measured at 0.1 MPa while cooling the samples in temperature steps of 10 K. From these data we estimated, on the one hand, the activation energy for motion of the electric charges of each solution, and on the other hand, the attenuation of the radar wave depending on the chemical composition and the temperature of the sample, and the frequency of the electric field applied [Pettinelli et al. 2015].</p> <p>The already obtained novel data will be used as reference for a second set of experiments, consisting on the same dielectric properties’ characterization but, in this set, samples will be also subjected to high pressure conditions.</p> <p> </p> <p>References</p> <p>Aglyamov et al. (2017) Bright prospects for radar detection of Europa’s ocean, Icarus, 281, 334-337.</p> <p>Bruzzone et al. (2013) RIME: Radar for Icy moon Exploration, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium - IGARSS, Melbourne, 3907-3910.</p> <p>Pettinelli et al. (2015) Dielectric properties of Jovian satellite ice analogs for subsurface radar exploration: A review, Reviews of Geophysics, 53, 593-641.</p> <p> </p>

Assessment of a TanDEM-X Digital Elevation Model of the Greenland Ice Sheet and its Zonation for Winter 2015/16

<p>The Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) was the largest contributor to global sea level rise in the 2005 to 2016 period (Meredith et al. in press). Therefore, it is one of the biggest players influencing our climate and monitoring and understanding of its mechanisms and development are of highest relevance.</p><p>Means to observe and measure such large areas are remote sensing. The Tandem-X mission of DLR and Airbus consists of two satellites (TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X) that are flying in single pass formation, mapping the Earth in interferometric SAR X-band with a resolution of 12m (Zink et al. 2014). The mission has been flying in this constellation since 2010. Due to the satellite constellation and the SAR system, digital elevation models (DEMs) can be created in high resolution, unaffected by the availability of daylight and the presence of clouds.</p><p>All data acquired between 2010 to 2014 (Rizzoli et al. 2017) were compled to a global elevation model. Besides this global product, several time slices were created for the GIS (Wohlfart et al. 2018). In this project, we created a DSM mosaic from winter 2015/16 acquisitions, more precisely using more than 2000 DEM scenes (Fritz at al. 2011) from end of October 2015 to beginning of February 2016.</p><p>One issue of a SAR system is the penetration of the signal into snow. Additionally, water surfaces appear dark in the images due to low backscatter towards the sensor. Therefore, we used winter scenes to minimize the height error.</p><p>We created an almost seamless DSM out of these scenes for 2015/16. Second, we used SAR features to delineate different snow zones. For this purpose, we used the amplitude, the height error map, and additionally ICESat and ICE Bridge data.</p><p> </p><p>References<br>Fritz, T.; Rossi, C.; Yague-Martinez, N.; Rodriguez Gonzalez, F.; Lachaise, M.; Breit H. Interferometric processing of TanDEM-X data, IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, July 2011</p><p>Meredith, M.; Sommerkorn M.; Cassotta S.; Derksen C.; Ekaykin A.; Hollowed A.; Kofinas G.; Mackintosh A.; Melbourne-Thomas J.; Muelbert M.M.C.; Ottersen G.; Pritchard H.; and Schuur E.A.G.; 2019: Polar Regions. In: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. In press.</p><p>Rizzoli, P.; Martone, M.; Gonzalez, C.; Wecklich, C.; Tridon, D.B.; Bräutigam, B.; Bachmann, M.; Schulze, D.; Fritz, T.; Huber, M.; et al. Generation and performance assessment of the global TanDEM-X digital elevation model. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 2017, 132, 119–139.</p><p>Wohlfart, C.; Wessel, B.; Huber, M.; Leichtle, T.; Abdullahi, S.; Kerkhoff, S.; Roth, A. TanDEM-X DEM derived elevation changes of the Greenland Ice Sheet. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Valencia, Spain, 22–27 July 2018.</p><p>Zink, M.; Bachmann, M.; Bräutigam, B.; Fritz, T.; Hajnsek, I.; Krieger, G.; Moreira, A.; Wessel, B. TanDEM-X: The New Global DEM Takes Shape. IEEE GRSM 2014, 2, 8–23.</p>