Synthesis and Characterization of Polyurethanes from Residual Palm Oil with High Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acid Oils as Additive

In the effort to produce renewable and biodegradable polymers, more studies are being undertaken to explore environmentally friendly sources to replace petroleum-based sources. The oil palm industry is not only the biggest vegetable-oil producer from crops but also one the biggest producers of residual oil that cannot be used for edible purposes due to its low quality. In this paper the development of biopolymers from residual palm oil, residual palm oil with 10% jatropha oil, and residual palm oil with 10% algae oil as additives were explored. Polyols from the different oils were prepared by epoxydation with peroxyacetic acid and alcoholysis under the same conditions and further reacted with poly isocyanate to form polyurethanes. Epoxidized oils, polyols and polyurethanes were analyzed by different techniques such as TGA, DSC, DMA, FTIR and H-NMR. Overall, although the IV of algae oil is slightly higher than that of jatropha oil, the usage of algae oil as additive into the residual palm oil was shown to significantly increase the hard segments and thermal stability of the bio polyurethane compared to the polymer with jatropha oil. Furthermore, when algae oil was mixed with the residual palm oil, it was possible to identify phosphate groups in the polyol which might enhance the fire-retardant properties of the final biopolymer.

Growth performances and nutrient compositions of pabda Ompokbimaculatus (Bloch, 1797) grown in recirculating and closed aquaculture systems

This study evaluated the growth performances and nutrient compositions of pabda Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch, 1797) in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) and a closed aquaculture system (CAS). The average daily weight gain (ADG) and specific growth rate (SGR) of pabda in RAS (ADG: 0.18 g/d; SGR: 3.40 %/d) was 3.61- and 1.41-folds higher than that of the CAS (ADG: 0.05 g/d; SGR: 2.40 %/d). Fish had significantly higher level of PUFA (Poly-unsaturated fatty acid) in CAS (41%) than in RAS (33%). The ratio between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in RAS and CAS were 0.73 and 0.69, respectively. This study’s results have demonstrated that the culture of pabda in RAS is more suitable than CAS in terms of growth. J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 47(1): 1-12, June 2021

Sapropterin (BH4) Aggravates Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice

Depletion of the enzyme cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), in T-cells was shown to prevent their proliferation upon receptor stimulation in models of allergic inflammation in mice, suggesting that BH4 drives autoimmunity. Hence, the clinically available BH4 drug (sapropterin) might increase the risk of autoimmune diseases. The present study assessed the implications for multiple sclerosis (MS) as an exemplary CNS autoimmune disease. Plasma levels of biopterin were persistently low in MS patients and tended to be lower with high Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Instead, the bypass product, neopterin, was increased. The deregulation suggested that BH4 replenishment might further drive the immune response or beneficially restore the BH4 balances. To answer this question, mice were treated with sapropterin in immunization-evoked autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of multiple sclerosis. Sapropterin-treated mice had higher EAE disease scores associated with higher numbers of T-cells infiltrating the spinal cord, but normal T-cell subpopulations in spleen and blood. Mechanistically, sapropterin treatment was associated with increased plasma levels of long-chain ceramides and low levels of the poly-unsaturated fatty acid, linolenic acid (FA18:3). These lipid changes are known to contribute to disruptions of the blood–brain barrier in EAE mice. Indeed, RNA data analyses revealed upregulations of genes involved in ceramide synthesis in brain endothelial cells of EAE mice (LASS6/CERS6, LASS3/CERS3, UGCG, ELOVL6, and ELOVL4). The results support the view that BH4 fortifies autoimmune CNS disease, mechanistically involving lipid deregulations that are known to contribute to the EAE pathology.

Peroxisome-driven ether-linked phospholipids biosynthesis is essential for ferroptosis

It is well established that ferroptosis is primarily induced by peroxidation of long-chain poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) through nonenzymatic oxidation by free radicals or enzymatic stimulation of lipoxygenase. Although there is emerging evidence that long-chain saturated fatty acid (SFA) might be implicated in ferroptosis, it remains unclear whether and how SFA participates in the process of ferroptosis. Using endogenous metabolites and genome-wide CRISPR screening, we have identified FAR1 as a critical factor for SFA-mediated ferroptosis. FAR1 catalyzes the reduction of C16 or C18 saturated fatty acid to fatty alcohol, which is required for the synthesis of alkyl-ether lipids and plasmalogens. Inactivation of FAR1 diminishes SFA-dependent ferroptosis. Furthermore, FAR1-mediated ferroptosis is dependent on peroxisome-driven ether phospholipid biosynthesis. Strikingly, TMEM189, a newly identified gene which introduces vinyl-ether double bond into alkyl-ether lipids to generate plasmalogens abrogates FAR1-alkyl-ether lipids axis induced ferroptosis. Our study reveals a new FAR1-ether lipids-TMEM189 axis dependent ferroptosis pathway and suggests TMEM189 as a promising druggable target for anticancer therapy.

PROFIL MONOUNSATURATED DAN POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS DALAM PLASMA DARAH WANITA YANG MENGONSUMSI JAMU

Latar Belakang : Masyarakat Indonesia diketahui gemar mengonsumsi jamu. Pada riskesdas tahun 2010 diketahui bahwa 59,12% masyarakat Indonesia mengonsumsi jamu. Jamu merupakan minuman asli Indonesia yang terbuat dari tumbuh-tumbuhan untuk tujuan pengobatan. MUFA dan PUFA banyak di temukan pada tumbuh-tumbuhan. MUFA (Mono Unsaturated Fatty Acid) & PUFA (Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acid) merupakan golongan lemak tak jenuh yang dapat menurunkan kadar LDL serta menaikkan kadar HDL dalam darah.Tujuan : Untuk mengetahui profil monounsaturated dan polyunsaturated fatty acids dalam plasma darah wanita yang mengonsumsi jamuMetode : Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan observasional dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Jumlah relawan dalam penelitian adalah 127 orang. Kadar MUFA & PUFA dalam plasma darah diukur menggunakan GC-MS. Hasil pengukuran kemudian dianalisis secara statistik dengan menggunakan uji distribusi frekuensi dan one-way ANOVA dengan taraf kepercayaan 95%.Hasil : Rata-rata kadar asam lemak pada relawan yang minum jamu adalah MUFA 0,176% dan PUFA 0,012% . Jenis MUFA dan PUFA yang teridentifikasi di dalam darah relawan wanita yang mengonsumsi jamu di Kabupaten Bantul adalah Palmitoleic acid, Oleic acid (MUFA) dan Linolenic acid (PUFA). Relawan dengan nilai BMI < 18,5 (kurus) memiliki kadar MUFA yang paling tinggi dibandingkan relawan dengan nilai BMI ≥ 18,5.Kesimpulan : Ditemukan kadar MUFA yang lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan PUFA pada plasma darah relawan wanita yang mengonsumsi Jamu. Terdapat hubungan antara kadar MUFA dengan nilai BMI.Kata kunci: MUFA, Mono Unsaturated Fatty Acid, PUFA, Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acid, Jamu.

Evaluation of nutritive value, fatty acid composition and lipid quality indices of freshwater catfishes and murrels

The study was conducted to determine the nutritive value in terms of proximate composition, fatty acid (FA) profile and lipid quality indices off our catfish species (Wallago attu, Ompok pabda, Clarias gariepinus, Pangasidon hypophthalmus) and two murrel species (Channa striatus, Channa punctatus) from Odisha, India. Among the species investigated the maximum fillet protein (22.35%) and lipid (13.45%) was recorded in C. striatus and C. gariepinus, respectively. All the fish species showed a FA profile of saturated fatty acid (SFA)> mono unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)>poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). The n-3 PUFA distribution in the experimental species was observed as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3)>alpha linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3 n-3)>eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) except C. gariepinus. The fillet EPA and DHA content of two murrel species and W. attu were similar and significantly higher (P<0.05) among the species. Similarly these three species viz., W. attu, C. striatus and C. punctatus showed maximum DHA quantity in their fillet. The n-6/n-3 ratios in five species except C. gariepinus were below 4.0. The athrogenic index (IA) and thrombogenic index (IT) were<1 and cholesterolomic index (h/H) for all species were>1, suitable for human health. Overall, considering nutritive value, fillet protein and very essential fatty acids, the experimental species can be arranged in the following order C. Straitus>C. punctatus=W. attu>P. Hypophthalmus>O. Pabda>C. gariepinus.

The association of dietary patterns and adherence to WHO healthy diet with metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: Tehran lipid and glucose study

Background The optimal dietary pattern for reducing the extent of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has not been well established yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate dietary patterns and adherence to WHO healthy diet in children and adolescents and their associations with MetS. Methods Subjects of this cohort study were selected from among children and adolescents of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study participants, aged 6–18 years (n = 424). Dietary measurements were collected using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. MetS was defined as the existence of at least 3 risk factors according to the Cook criteria. Diet was assessed based on dietary components of the WHO healthy diet. Dietary patterns were defined by principal component analysis. Results The mean ± SD age of participants (42% boys and 57% girls) was 13.5 ± 3.7 years. The most consistency with the WHO healthy diet was observed for cholesterol, free sugar and protein consumption in both genders, and the least was for n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acid, trans-fatty acid and salt. Intake of SFA up to 12% of energy intake (third quartile) reduced the risk of MetS, compared to the first quartile. Subjects in the third quartile of n-6 poly-unsaturated fatty acid intake (6.2% of energy) showed the lowest odds ratio of MetS compared to the first quartile (OR: 0.18, CI: 0.04–0.66). In the adjusted model, the risk of MetS reduced across quartiles of MUFA intake by 60% (OR: 1, 0.40, 0.40, 0.42; P trend = 0.05). No significant trends were observed in the risk of MetS components across quartiles of the WHO healthy diet components. Three major dietary patterns were identified, the healthy, unhealthy and cereal/meat. An increased risk of MetS was observed in the highest quartile of unhealthy dietary pattern score compared to the lowest quartile (OR: 1, 0.81, 0.93, 2.49; P trend = 0.03). Conclusions Our results demonstrated that the majority of our population did not meet some components of WHO healthy diet recommendations. The quality and quantity of fatty acid intakes were associated with risk of MetS. Adherence to unhealthy dietary pattern was associated with two-fold increase in MetS risk.

The EFFECT OF THE COMBINATION OF THE SESAME OIL AND VITAMIN E TO IMPROVE ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE ON HYPERCHOLESTEROL RATS

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the combination effect of sesame oil and vitamin E to the number of abnormal erythrocytes, and MDA levels by the amount of hemolysis. Hypercholesterolemia that is grown by erythrocyte membranes were decreased conditions that leads to atherosclerosis associated with oxidative stress which leads to lipid peroxidation. Sesame oil (SO) has special antioxidants that also contains 85% unsaturated fatty acid, where 40% consists of poly unsaturated fatty acid. Vitamin E is a chain breaker antioxidant that prevents the multiplication of free radical reactions in phospholipids. Methods: This research using 6 treatment groups, 3 groups received an atherogenic diet, while the other 3 groups received an atherogenic diet and treated with a combination of sesame oil with the same dose, added with 0.02 ml of vitamin E. Results: The results showed that the proportion of 1.2 ml SO and 0.02 ml of vitamin E, with the average amount (%) of hemolysis at 0.45% NaCl concentration was (5, 05 ±0.129), while in the control (33,87–1,919). The number (%) of erythrocytes is not normal (25,75± 2,473) while in the control (80,27± 4,631). Erythrocyte MDA level (0.229±0.039) µlmol / ml, while in the control (0.443 ± 0.013) µmol / ml. Conclussion: This research shows that the combination of oil and vitamin E had a significant decrease in the number of abnormal erythrocytes, the amount of hemolysis and MDA levels. The MDA reduction is followed by a decrease in the number of abnormal erythrocytes and the amount of hemolysis.

Perbedaan Pola Konsumsi Ikan Laut dan Daging terhadap Kejadian Hipertensi pada Masyarakat

Hypertension is one of the most influential risk factors for the incidence of heart and blood vessel disease. Poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids proven to be cardioprotective, which is contained in marine fish, namely EPA and DHA. Fish oil is useful to change ω-3 to ω-6 to help lower blood pressure and various risks of myocardial infarction. The very high content of purines and bad fats in meat can cause increased cholesterol levels in the blood. This study was aimed to determine the differences between marine fish and meat consumption to the incidence of hypertension in people of rural area (Manembo-nembo) and of urban area (Manado city). Samples were people in Manembo-nembo Bitung and employees of Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado aged 30-50 years old. The criteria of blood pressure were based on the US Join National Committee (JNC) 7. Consumption of marine fish and meat was categorized as high, moderate, and poor. Questionnaires were filled by all subjects. Blood pressure was measured by using aneroid sphygmomanometer. Data were analyzed by using Man-Whitney test. The rate of hypertension in rural area for the blood pressure value was -2.121 (P=0.034) <0.05 while in urban area, the blood pressure value was 2.859 (P=0.004) <0.05. Conclusion: There were significant differences in systolic and diastolic blood pressure between people in marine fish consumption area (rural area) and in meat consumption area (urban area).Keywords: hypertension, consumption of sea fish and meat Abstrak: Hipertensi merupakan salah satu faktor risiko yang paling berpengaruh terhadap kejadian penyakit jantung dan pembuluh darah. Asam lemak poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ω-3 dan ω-6 yang terbukti kardioprotektif, terkandung dalam ikan laut yaitu EPA dan DHA. Minyak ikan berguna untuk mengubah secara cepat ω-3 menjadi ω-6 untuk membantu menurunkan tekanan darah dan berbagai risiko infark miokard. Kandungan lemak yang tinggi dalam daging dapat menyebabkan meningkatnya kadar kolesterol dalam darah. Selain itu, Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan pola konsumsi ikan laut dan daging terhadap kejadian hipertensi pada masyarakat di daerah rural/pedesaan (Manembo-nembo), dan di daerah urban/perkotaan (kota Manado). Sampel penelitian ialah masyarakat di Kelurahan Manembo-nembo Bawah Kota Bitung dan Pegawai di RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Kota Manado yang berusia 30-50 tahun. Kriteria tekanan darah pada penelitian ini berdasarkan US Join National Committee (JNC) 7. Konsumsi ikan laut dan daging dibagi atas kurang, sedang, dan banyak. Pengisian kuesioner oleh subyek penelitian, dan pengukuran tekanan darah menggunakan sfigmomanometer aneroid. Analisis data untuk mengetahui perbedaan pola konsumsi ikan laut dan daging terhadap tekanan darah, menggunakan uji Mann-Whitney. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan angka hipertensi di daerah rural untuk nilai tekanan darah ialah -2,121 (P=0,034) <0,05 sedangkan di daerah urban nilai tekanan darah 2,859 (P=0,004) <0,05. Simpulan: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna dalam tekanan darah sistol dan diastol pada masyarakat pengonsumsi ikan laut (daerah rural) dan yang pengonsumsi daging (daerah urban).Kata kunci: hipertensi, konsumsi ikan laut dan daging